Select a poem, novel, play or short story and show how its author uses different elements to communicate his message. TAREMWA ALVIN 13/U/14215/PS MUHEKI EMILY 13/U/8477/PS NATUKUNDA ISABELLA 12/U/12344/EVE KAYENDEKE NANCY 13/U/6379/PS

Poetry can be defined as appreciation of beauty of language hence being creative through life experiences and situations. Poetry has different elements that differentiate it from other forms of literature such as drama and praise. Poetry has elements such as speaker, structure, title among others. These make poetry different from the other forms of literature. Margret Walkers poem lineages clearly bring out the elements of poetry. Speaker of the poem this is the speaking voice in the poem. A poem becomes real when it is given a specific voice. The specific voice in the poem brings out the experiences in the poem, for example in the poem “lineage” by Margret Walker; the speaker is a, youth who compares her generation with her grandmother’s generation. Through the speaker’s comparison, the speaker praises the virtues of the old people in a way that she doesn’t see such virtues in her own generation. Through the speaker we are able to identify the character traits of the old people in a way that she doesn’t see such virtues in her own generation. Through the speaker we are able to identify the character traits of her grandmother’s generation. For example they are productive and hardworking. They foiled and moved through the fields sowing seeds. They also cooked, washed and also molded and this is portrayed by the smelling of soap, onions and wet day. Therefore; this brings out the speaker’s feelings towards her grandmothers generation as she admires the old generation because they were wise and morally upright, they were people who believed in doing good. A case in point is when she says; “They have many clean words to say” The speaking voice therefore becomes an outstanding aspect that differentiates poetry from other forms of literature such as drama which doesn’t have a specific speaker. Another element is the structure of the poem. Structure refers to the appearances of the poem. The external structure and the internal structure of the poem differ from the other forms of drama and prose. The poem linage has a regular verse. This is where all stanzas in this poem have six lines. This structure brings out the beauty of the poem and it also brings out the idea of comparison that is enlightened in the poem; that is comparison between the current generation and the old generation that foregrounds the characteristics of the old generation. Furthermore, the poem has both and stopped lines and run on lines. For example the first stanza has end stopped lines and this shows the natural pause at the end of the lines. End stopped lines bring out a complete message that the speaker has put forward. for example where she says; “My grandmothers were strong…” The line is complete with the natural pause and this brings out the affirmation and appreciation that the speaker has for her grandmother’s handwork and the praises she offers to their virtures.The second stanza has run on lines. In this case, the readers read the line in conjunction with other lines. This brings out the continuity and contributes to the subject matter and themes in the poem. For example the history of the persona’s grandmothers and this is portrayed when she says; “My grandmothers are full of memories smelling of soap and onions and wet clay” Therefore the continuity of the lines bring out the historical aspect. The external structure also consists of punctuation. For example in the poem “lineage” the poetess uses full stops to show the complete expression of other ideas. For example; “They touched earth and grain grew.” This line is complete with a full stop showing the idea of productivity. There is also use of the question mark on the rhetoric question that brings out the comparison; “Why am I not as they?” This clearly shows that the speaker’s generation is different from her grandmother’s generation in terms of morals, productivity and conduct. The internal structure of the poem. This refers to the organization of ideas in the poem. For example from the poem “lineage”, the ideas follow one another cholonologically.This therefore brings out the themes and ideas in the poem such as productivity which is a result of hard work and toiling. In addition, morals are also portrayed through the virtues of the persona’s grandmother. Therefore the structure of the poem is very unique compared to the other forms of drama and prose. Another important element of poetry is the title. A poem always consists a title which introduces the reader to the whole poem. The title highlights the ideas being talked about in the poem. For example the title “lineage”, shows the generational gap. Through the title, the reader is able to know that he is dealing with different generations. There is need for comparison because different generations have different aspects. In the final analysis therefore; poetry differs from other forms drama and prose because of its structure, title and speaker which are not in any similar to those of other forms of literature. Play; TWELFTH NIGHT by William Shakespeare A play is a piece of writing that is presented through dialogue. In a play, or drama, there are different elements that the author can use to communicate his/her message. For example form, structure, setting, language, plot, symbols and more others. In the Shakespearean Twelfth Night, the form ,language, symbols and structure are used to reveal what is taking place in the contemporary society of the time. His characters are part of his audience and the readers. So the above elements are discussed below to illustrate how Shakespeare uses them to communicate his message. Through the dialogue of form, Shakespeare brings about how characters relate in one way or another. A case in point is the friendship between Olivia and her servant Feste. This is found in Act 1 scene 5; Here Shakespeare gives the intellect power to both characters through giving Feste the aphorism. Feste says; ‘Better a witty fool than a foolish wit” This quotation shows Feste’s intellect power through the way he uses language as well as form to show up his true character. This shows us that he is not a fool in the real sense but rather erudite and takes the platform of giving the audience the knowledge of how the plot unfolds about other characters’ roles. More so, Feste is such an interesting entertainer who is so neutral in the play. Another scenario is where Shakespeare uses form to give out the meaning in the dialogue between Viola and Duke Orsino.This happens in Acts 2 scene 4 VIOLA ; I should your lordship ORSINO ; And what’s her History? VIOLA ; Sir! Shall I to this lady? ORSINO ; Ay! That’s the theme…. Here, Shakespeare uses half-lines into one whole line to reveal the fact of how the two characters are determined to be together at one time. Another element is Structure. The play Twelfth Night has a structure that shows how the plot unfolds up to the end of the play. It has three main sections: Exposition, development and denouement. In exposition, Shakespeare establishes the conflict between Orsino and Olivia. In development, Shakespeare builds up the dramatic tension and the continued conflict up to when every conflicting loyalty is solved in the climax. In denouncement, the conflict is solved and now Shakespeare re-establishes another form of equilibrium. This is when all the disguises are disclosed. Shakespeare creates both tension and humor as he prepares his audience to see what follows. For example viola being disguised as Cesario makes the audience aware of the fact as to why Orsino is struggling to fight his feelings to have fallen in love with a man. The audience gets to know from the dialogue between Antonio and Sebastian in Act 2 Scene 1; Sebastian; … some hour before you took me from the breach of the sea where my sister drowned. Antonio; Alas the day! Sebastian; a lady, sir, though it was said she much resembled me, was yet of many accounted beautiful. Here the audience gets to know that Sebastian and Viola resemble and viola is still alive though Sebastian thinks that she is dead. This shows Sebastian’s passionate love for viola and it will prepare the audience for the mistaken identity and dramatic irony. Language is also used in Twelfth Night to bring out the feelings and thoughts of characters as they go through different situations. For example; in the beginning parts of the play, Malvolio speaks in verse; act 5 scene 1. ‘Lady, you have. Pray you, pursue that letter. You must not deny that it is in your hand. Write from it, if you can, in hand or phrase Or say, it’s not your seal, not your invention’. This shows Malvolio’s strong emotions towards Olivia. The confusing situation he is in and how he is later humiliated. More so, Shakespeare employs iambic pentameter to show the audience Orsino’s character. Orsino’s intensity for his love for Olivia is revealed. The audience feels pity for Orsino because he thinks by his virtue of being loyal, every woman will love him but unfortunately Olivia has none of him. In act 1 scene 1 Orsino says; ‘If music be the food of love, play on, give me excess of it, that, surfeiting, the appetite may sicken and so die.’ Through this confession, Orsino introduces the theme of love. In a nut shell, the above elements are employed by Shakespeare I his play Twelfth Night to bring out the meaning of the play, themes, plot development and more other powerful elements in drama or plays. Novel. LORD OF THE FLIES by William Golding Lord of the flies, a novel by William Golding is set on an island, and its characters are young boys whose plane crashes on this island as they are being taken away from war. The pilot dies in the crash, thus the only elder of the crew, and so the young boys are left to fend for themselves. In this novel, William Golding uses various elements to develop the plot, themes, and ideas. The author in Lord of the Flies uses characters to develop a number of themes and also contribute to plot development. The characters of Ralph and Jack are used by the author to develop the theme of civilization versus savagery. Golding, through the novel’s two main characters, Ralph and Jack represents the conflict between civilization and savagery. In the novel, we see Ralph as the protagonist who wants things to be done in a civil and orderly manner, Jack, the antagonist who prefers things to be done in rather a savage way, has a thirst for power, and disorderliness. From the very first day Jack hungers for power, and leadership and this leads him to form his own tribe in chapter 12. As the novel progresses, the author shows how different people feel the influences of the instincts of civilization and savagery to different degrees. We take an example of Piggy who what so ever, has no savage feelings, and Rogers who seems barely capable of comprehending the rules of civilization. Golding thus uses characters to portray the theme of civilization versus savagery. William Golding also uses characters of Ralph and Jack in the plot development of the novel. The central concern of Lord of the Flies is the conflict between two competing impulses that exist within all human beings, the instinct to live by rules, act peacefully, follow moral commands, which are all represented by Ralph, and also the instinct to act violently to obtain supremacy over others, gratify one’s immediate desire, and enforce one’s will, which are represented by Jack. The conflict between the two instincts is the driving force of the novel, hence plot development. William Golding also uses dialogue to elaborate more on man’s in-born evil. In chapter 8, Jack and his hunters kill a sow and hang its head on a stake as a sacrifice for the imaginary beast. Simon finds out what the other boys have done, and we see him having a conversation with the Lord of the Flies. The dialogue between the two is very important in the novel because it is through this dialogue that we get to learn that evil does not exist by itself, but it dwells within every human being. It asks Simon if he really believes that the beast could be hunted and killed. It says. “You knew, didn’t you? I’m part of you?” The author uses the symbolic beast, the Lord of the Flies, to reveal the truth to Simon that the boys themselves are the beasts. The author uses characters of young boys on the island to portray the themes of in-born evil and loss of innocence. The young boys, in spite them being by themselves with no adult, or outside influence, have become savages who are disorderly, uncivilized, and bloodthirsty. Jack and Rogers mostly represent the in-born evil as they hunt and kill pigs, fight for leadership, and also claim the lives of Simon and Piggy. As the boys on the island progress from well-behaved orderly children longing for rescue, to cruel, bloodthirsty hunters who have no interest to return to civilization, they naturally lose their sense of innocence. The painted faces of savages in chapter 12 who have hunted and killed animals and human beings are a far cry from who they were in chapter 1. The boys have totally lost the innocence they once possessed and the in-born evil has over shone the goodness in them. Loss of innocence and loss of civilization are further portrayed through biblical allusion. The island on which the novel is set alludes to the Garden of Eden, pure at the beginning but then later ravished by sin and deaths. The island, particularly Simon’s glade, recalls the Garden of Eden in its status as is later corrupted by the introduction of evil. It is in Simon’s glade that the sow’s head is hanged on a stake, and this destroys its beauty and peace. William Golding uses third person point of view, and this omniscient narrator moves back and forth between different scenes and thoughts. In chapter 8, in the space of a few pages, we see jack hunting, happy and wearing the damp darkness of the forest, and also Simon watching the flies swarm all over the pig’s head. The point of the omniscient narrator is to help us stay objective. The third person point of view helps in revealing events, thoughts, and conversations that would otherwise have been impossible to know. For example, the dialogue of Simon and the lord of the flies which happens in Simon’s head. Golding also in the novel uses the setting of an island that provides fresh water, fruits, and meat from wild pigs, a paradise-like setting to show that it is not their surrounding but humans’ faults that later lead on to the breakdown of their own civilization. The island symbolizes humans’ self-destruction as well as the destruction of the planet, as the boys kill each other and set the island on fire. The author uses different symbols to represent various ideas in the novel, Lord of the Flies. A conch, which is discovered by Ralph and Piggy at the beginning of the novel is used for summoning the boys together after the crash and it thereafter, becomes a powerful symbol of civilization and order. It is used to call meetings, and also holds the freedom of speech since one is not allowed to talk in meetings if he is not holding it. The conch is a vessel of political legitimacy and democratic power on the island, all which we see vanishing after it is rendered powerless and finally when it is broken. Golding also uses Piggy’s glasses as a symbol of intellectual endeavor and insight in society. As long as Piggy has them, he is able to give advice to the group. For example that of building a signal fire for rescue. It is his glasses that in fact start that rescue fire. Golding therefore uses elements such as characters, dialogue, point of view, setting, symbols, and biblical allusions to reveal his message to the readers. Therefore elements like structure, form, speaker among others are used by authors to bring about themes, techniques, plot development, character roles, among others. The message in that case is brought out clearly.