Select any extract from any literary text and analyze it using the performative text approach. KOMUGISHA PERUTH, NAKKAZI DIANA, NYAFWONO ELIZA PATRICIA, NAFUNA EVELYN DINAH AND MUSUBIKA ELIZABETH

The origin of the term performativity can be traced back to J.L.Austins book, “How to do things with words”. In which Austin objecting to the logical positivists focus on the verifiability of statements, introduced the performative as a new category of utterance that has no truth value since it does not describe the world, but acts upon it-a way of “doing things with words” for example, the classic constative “snow is white” is descriptively true or false, but statements such as “I now pronounce you husband and wife” are something their successful outcome depending on a number of conditions (felicity condition) that cannot be evaluated in terms of truth. By the end of his book, Austin clearly argues that all utterances are performative even those that appear merely to describe a state of affairs since such utterances do the act of informing. This is a revolutionary conclusion for utterances must be viewed as actions. With Austin’s exposition, the broader area of speech act theory emerged within anthropology. Austin work had its most immediate impact on the paradigm of ethnography of speaking, and in particular on the study if ritual and performance. The performative theory involves three steps of reading and interpreting of literacy texts, which are; locutional level where by readers look at the mere statement of the author without attaching any meaning, the illocutional level in which readers look at intension of the author in making a certain utterance in a literary text, and lastly the perlocutional level where readers’ feeling and attitude towards a certain utterance in other words, the effect that a certain utterance achieves. The selected text is a poem by Frank Chipasula entitled, “A love poem for my country” and the analyzed part of the poem is stanza one which is written below; A LOVE POEM FOR MY COUNTRY. I have nothing to give you, but my anger. And the filaments of my hatred Reach across the boarder You, you have sold many and me to exile. Now shorn of precious minds you rely on What hands can grow to build Your crumbling image? According to the performative text approach, in locutional level, the author in this poem merely utters out his feelings towards his own country According to illocutional level, we look at the effective of the utterance which shows how the speaker is disappointed, disillusioned and betrayed his leaders. According to perlocutional level where we look at the reader’s attitude towards the utterance which is even portrayed in the title of the poem. “A love poem for my country”, it is not that the speaker is happy or loves his country but he is disgusted and betrayed this causes the speaker too to feel disgusted and irritated towards the ambiance that the speaker sheds in the poem.

Referring to any literally text familiar to you, Identify its various voices and explain how effectively the writer uses these voices to articulate its message. NAMUJJUZI JOANITAH

A voice is a person who tells the story in a literally text. And according to me, the literally text that’s familiar with me is the novel LORD OF THE FLIES. Lord of the fillies is a third person narration. This means an omniscient narrator. Someone who’s all knowing. Lord of the flies is an allegorical fiction by William Golding whose major intension was to portray the source of evil in man. Lord of the flies being the third person omniscient narrator shows the reader everything that’s is to be shown for example in a space of few pages in chapter eight, we get jack hunting “happy and wearing” the dump darkness of the forest like his old clothes and Simon watching the flies swarm black and indecent green on the pigs head and then piggy flashing pinky with pride when he understands that jack is accepting him, their fore these are three different characters in different places in the island Simons encounter with the pigs head and the head is trying to speak to him. This omniscient narrator uses his man character Ralph to portray events in the lord of the flies. Ralph as the protagonist, William uses him to bring out his character Their fore there two types of third person Narration i.e. 1. The Objective narrator who is invisible and reflects events as they happen but doesn’t offer his opinion. He also shows action in dialogue but never internal thoughts. 2. Subjective Narrator. This is the narrator who shows internal thoughts and characters in the scene. Eg the emotion of the character for example piggy being bullied by Simon and how Ralph felt about it. Through this kind of emotion, the narrator tries to connect to the reader and this portrays the effectiveness of the narration as elaborated in details below The effectiveness is evidenced in the character traits developed - Moods or atmosphere for example the pigs heads and Simons encounter - The themes in the novel lord of the flies therefore the omniscient narration makes us objective that jack is a wrong character as portrayed to his character traits The omniscient narrator also brings out the message in fewer words giving room to the reader to have his or her own perception about the characters in the novel. The omniscient narrator introduces readers to scenes at a distance for example when jack take the boys to hunt with piggy and Ralph, they ended up being mistreated. Jack denies piggy and they beat him up. The omniscient narrator brings out the secret events in the novel for example - The evil nature of man in the novel - How man had become a pure savage that he didn’t know himself

Select an extract from any literary text and analyse it using the performative text approach. NANYONGA HELLEN

Performativity is the term for the capacity of speech and communication not simply to communicate but rather to act an action. In 1971, a French philosopher, Jacques Derrida wrote an essay, the Signature Event Context. He presented a critic who is a language philosopher, J. L. Austin who says that the simple act of saying something is equivalent to accomplishing something and these cases he calls, performative utterances. In 1966, a book was established on how to do things with words. This approach introduced a new method of analyzing any piece of communication. An example from a religious person was given, “I hereby pronounce you husband and wife." In this case, simply saying the word has brought a certain state of affair into being. That is to say, marriage. According to this approach, any meaning of an utterance is understood in three levels; the locution, Illocution and perlocution. The locutional level is the first level of understanding hence, what is said in the utterance. The illocutional level is the second way of understanding which looks at the intention of the author in making a certain utterance hence answers the question of, “what is the text talking about? ” And lastly the perlocutional level which looks at the effect of the utterance. That is to say, how the statement influences achievement. Song Of Chickens by Jack Mpanje is the poem that am going to use to show how the performative text approach analyses utterances. Song Of Chickens Master, you talked with bows, Arrows and catapults once Your hands steaming with hawk blood To protect your chicken. Why do you talk with knives now, Your hands teaming with eggshells And hot blood from your own chicken? Is it to impress your visitors? Jack Mpanje At the locutional level, the title of the above poem, Song Of Chickens simply means that the chickens are singing. And in the first stanza, they begin with the utterance, “Master,” which simply means that the chickens are referring to their leader whom they refer to with a title of respect to the one who owns them. In other words, these chickens are singing for their master. Furthermore, the illocutional level helps us to know the intentions of the author of this poem into details. The poet gives the chickens a voice that helps them to make their expression towards their master. According to J. L. Austin, asking a question and making an assertion is an act of illocutional. Just like in the second stanza of the poem we see the assertions and various questions the chickens ask their master. “Why do you talk with knives now, Your eyes teaming with eggshells And hot blood from your own chicken? Is it to impress your visitors?” And also, at the perlocutional level, the last stanza of the poem is eliciting an answer from the master. The chickens are asking questions to the master and they are really in need of an answer. This shows that the chickens are disappointed in the betrayal, bloodshed and injustice of their master who is behaving in a very cruel manner. In a nut shell, the performative text theory of speech utterances, focuses attention on the illocutional, much less on the locutional and perlocutional level. This analysis brings about a deep understanding of a text as shown in the above levels. REFERENCES https/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/perfornative-text Ing. qc. edu/1021-perfomativity/performing text: orality literacy, performance ENGL78/ at Queens collage. J. L. Austin,(1973) How to do Things with Words, Second Edition, Oxford: Oxford University press.

Referring closely to any text that you have studied on the 3rd year literature course. Identify and discuss the prominent linguistic features contributed to its message. NAMALA LILLIANE, KABATONGOLE MARGRET AND AUJO JOSELINE AKABWAI

Linguistic structure approach attempts to lay down a vigorous metrology for analysis of any language.If employs language as its basic raw material e.g the words in songs language, charts, drama, poetry .This approach is based on the assumption that the meaning of a literary text is embedded in a linguistic structure i.e . (i) Writers manipulate the structure of language to communicate. (ii) Language being a system of communication used by a particular community consisting of words in a structured and conventional way. (iii) They work within all the rules of language to communicate. Therefore being a system comprises of different components such as; a. Phonology; system of linguistic sound structure. b. Morphology; is a structure of words. c. Syntax; is a structure of phrases and sentences. lexis also known as diction refers to the choice of words. Semantics refers to the meaning of words and phrases. d. Pragmatics; is how speakers or writers use language to communicate. e. Socio-dynamics: refers to the change in the meaning of words over time. f. Graphology refers to the physical manifestation of language. g. Phonetics refers to speech sounds. The linguistic structural approach emphasizes the fact that literary analysis,interpretation should pay attention to different levels of language and how these contribute to the articulation of writers meaning.   An extract from song of lawino. The woman with whom I share My husband Ocol is no longer in love with the old type; He is in love with a modern girl. The name of the beautiful one is Clementine Brother, when you see Clementine! The beautiful one aspires To look like a white woman; Her lips are red-hot Like glowing charcoal, She resembles the wild cat That has dipped the its mouth in blood, Her mouth is like raw yaws It looks like an open ulcer; Like the mouth of a field! Line dusts powder on her face And it looks so pale; She resembles the wizard Getting ready for the midnight dance. She dusts the ash-dirt all over her face And when little sweat Begins to appear on her body She looks like the guinea fowl! 1. lexis: the choice of words deployed by P’bitek the message, humorous and building the conflict between the speaker and the accused.FOR instance, he uses pronouns such as her, she, he and proper nouns such as Ocol and Clementine to identity the characters in the text. “ocol is no longer in love with the old type; he is in love with a modern girl The name of the beautiful one is Clementine….” As readers, we can easily relate with and a rouse our curiosity to know what exactly Lawino intends to say by identifying her characters Ocol and Clementine 4. According to graphology as the physical manifestation of language. The punctuation of a sentence determines which type of a sentence it will be that is to say interrogative, declarative and exclamatory. Okot Bitek uses all these types in the poem so as to bring out different significances. This is as seen below; The full stop is employed to show the conclusion of an idea. The poet puts this down when the speaker who is a woman is describing the other woman with whom she shares her husband’s with and says; “He is in love with a modern girl.” The full stop creates a pause .This sentence clearly shows us that the speaker has confirmed that her husband loves another woman who is a modern girl. The semi-colon extends an explanation and this vividly seen in the extraction poem. ‘The woman with whom I share my husband’ The ideas being raised in the poem are further explained in order to cause emphasis. For example through the illustration below that states. To look like a white woman; Her lips are red-hot Like glowing charcoal” .The exclamation marks used in the poem which is extract from song of Lawino are to bring out the amazement, a astonishment, wonder and shock that the husband makes over her. For example she assets that the mouth of the modern girl Clementine is like raw yaws and looks like an open ulcerr after saying all this she says like the mouth of a field! In stanza eight we note that she still does the same when claims that she looks like the guinea fowl. The powerful employment of short and long sentences cannot be left due it’s great significance in portraying the message in the poem. For instance the short sentences are mainly used In apiece of writing and in this case the poem. The long sentences are to explain more and illustrate the point. This is evidenced below when the speaker clearly puts it down that, ‘she resembles the wizard getting ready for the midnight dance.” Run on line for emphasis and give more information. Semantics refers to the meaning of words or phrases in a text. Semantics is believed to have both the denotative and the connotative meaning whereby the denotative meaning refers to the meaning of words or surface meaning and the connotative meaning refers to the literary meaning of the text.(authors intention) Semantics greatly contributes to the message in the text with whom she shares my husband in the following ways; ‘The beautiful one aspire to look like a white woman ,’ means that Clementine is bleaching herself. Her lips are red-hot like glowing charcoal means that she has used red lipstick. …Her mouth is like raw yaws; show that the mouth is disguisting just like the raw yaws. Further the meaning of the text is to show us the conflict which is dramatized by Lawino to enable her advance her against European culture. Denotative meaning is portrayed with the descriptive word Lawino uses to describe her co-wife. “her lips are-hot like glowing charcoal. her mouth is like raw yaws.” These words are demeaning and make Clementine look like a white woman. Yet connotatively, the words are simply highlightening the conflict and her argument against European culture. this gives us the authorial point of view the extreme colonialism an Africans. Some adhere for aspire to look white women. Phonetically , the extract presents several tones from a calm to a contemptuous tone. Brother, when you see then the criticism gathers momentum and builds upto a crescendo as we get horrible images in the process of which Clementine is disfigured from a beautiful one to an evitable guinea fowl.

Referring to any literary text familiar to you, identify its various voices and explain how effectively the writer uses these voices to bring out his message ASIIMWE RUTH

A voice in literature is the form or a format through which narrators tell their stories. It is prominent when a writer places himself / herself into words and provides a sense the character is real person conveying a specific message the writer intends to convey. In simple words, it is an author’s individual writing style or point of view. When a writer engages personally with a topic, in fact, he imparts his personality to that piece of literature. This individual personality is different from other individual personalities, other writers put into their own works. Thus, voice is a unique personality of a literary work. Depending upon the type of work, authors may use a single voice, or multiple voices. While identifying the function of voices in literature, itis necessary to consider the narrator’s degree of objectivity, reliability, andomniscience. Voices shows whose eyes readerssee the narrativethrough thatgives a personality to a literary piece. Moreover, a strong voice helpsmaking every wordcount, sets up consistency and most importantly grabs the readers’ attention. EdgarAllanPoe’ short story,The Tell-Tale Heart is an example of first person unreliable narrative voice, which is significantlyacknowledged, biased, childish and ignorant, who purposely tries to deceive the readers. As the story proceeds, the reader notices the voice is unusual, characterized by starts and stops. The character directly talks to the readers, showing highly exaggerated and wrought style.It is obvious that effectiveness of the story relies on style, voice and structure, whichreveal the diseased state of mind of the narrator. The point of view is an important aspect of telling the story. First person narration helps the reader to understand and follow the story from the narrator’s point of view. In this case it helps the reader to realize how insane the narrator is. Eventhough 1st person narration is not the best form of narration, as everything we read is the way the narrator looks at things, but it is the only way a reader can actually feel and experience what the narrator is experiencing. It helps the reader to get a good feel of the emotions, his state of mind and his madness.so I feel that in "The Tell-Tale Heart" first person narration plays an important part in enhancing the theme of madness. Edgar Allan Poe's classic horror story "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a monologue told completely from the viewpoint of one of its characters. The narrator is a mentally unstable murderer who asserts that he is sane despite his horrible acts and delusions that include hearing his victim's heart beat loudly after death. A narrator shapes a story's viewpoint. When Poe chose one of his story's characters as the storyteller, he was using a technique called first-person voice. A first-person narrator refers to himself as "I" and may participate in or witness the story's action. In "The Tell-Tale Heart," the narrator is the central participant. The narrator in "The Tell-Tale Heart" shares the story from his own, personal perspective; thus the story is told in a first-person point of view. By using personal pronouns such as I, me, and my, the narrator is able to tell his tale as only he can experience it. Any other point of view, like omniscient, for example, would give the audience a look into the minds of other characters in the story, not just the narrator's. The first-person point of view is what makes this story so chilling. At the beginning of the story, the narrator asserts that he is not "mad" but instead completely sane. As the story progresses, the reader comes to realize that he is truly insane and is therefore an unreliable narrator: his words cannot be trusted. The demented views of this narrator give the audience a disturbing look into the mind of a seriously sadistic person, and add to the author's overall haunting tone. The story opens in the first-person voice of the narrator, acknowledging that he has been very nervous. Yet he disavows madness, using the "evidence" that his hearing is keen and he's now relating the story calmly. The writer wants to reassure his audience that he loved the old man with whom he lived and has now killed -- and didn't want the old man's gold. He shifts to explaining how he accomplished the murder, with his only motivation being the old man's "pale blue eye, with a film over it." The reader isn't told exactly why this eye agitates or offends the narrator. The narrator describes how "a simple dim ray" from his lantern falls upon the old man's vulture-like eye each night as he steals into the older man's room. This is intriguing imagery, because lamps and lanterns can symbolize protection against evil. Poe seems to be having a bit of fun suggesting that the narrator's lantern is insufficient protection against the eye's power or perceived power. The narrator kills the old man on the eighth night, and recounts the process of dismembering the body and placing the parts under his floorboards. Three police officers arrive, who have been alerted by a neighbor who heard a shriek. The relentless heartbeat is another major symbol, suggesting the sound of the narrator's own conscience or fear. The writer assures the officers it was only a nightmare and provides them chairs after touring them through the home. They begin a friendly conversation, and as their calm chatter goes into the night, the narrator becomes increasingly agitated. He's certain that they also hear the beating heart and are toying with him. Soon he breaks down and reveals the location of the body. Poe repeats a number of words throughout this brief story for increased effect: louder and louder; very, very; and nervous, for example. The word "mad" is repeated a great many times. The story opens with the narrator's mysterious insistence that he has "heard all things in heaven and in the earth. I heard many things in hell." This strange claim is immediately followed by the contradictory question, "How, then, am I mad?" It also ties in with his use of the word "disease" to describe his nervous troubles as the story opens. Prior to the murder, he speaks of listening night after night to "the death watches in the wall," and projects this same act of nervous listening onto his victim. Poe's emphasis on ticking and beating in the story underscores the narrator's insanity plainly for the reader. The tale is told in the first person by the confessed murderer of an old man, and as the tale progresses, the reader quickly notices that all may not be as it seems with the narrator. From the very first paragraph, in fact, it is apparent that the voice in which the story is told is an unusual one, characterized by stops and starts, direct addresses to the reader, and an exaggerated and highly wrought style. The emotionally charged narrative hints to the reader that the narrator’s version of events may not be wholly reliable. When the tale begins, the main action -- that is, the murder and dismemberment of the old man -- has already taken place. While the reader is likely to be caught up in the horrific tale being revealed to him, the narrator’s focus seems to be very different, and the pace and structure of the narrative reflect that focus. Concerned primarily with convincing his listener of his level-headedness and sanity and the reasonableness of his actions, the story’s narrator circles around the main event, emphasizing not so much what happened but how it happened. Since the story is, more than anything, about the narrator’s emotional state, the most important moment is not the murder of the old man. The murder itself is given short shrift by the narrator, taking only one sentence to accomplish: “In an instant I dragged him to the floor, and pulled the heavy bed over him.” Rather, the real climax of the story occurs when the narrator’s perception of the sound of the old man’s heart pushes him closer and closer to panic, finally causing him to confess. Like the narrative structure, the narrative style of the story reflects the disordered, “nervous” state of the narrator’s mind. “Why will you say that I am mad?” the narrator demands of his listener. Stylistically, the narrator’s heavy use of exclamation points, dashes, repeated questions and assertions of his own sanity serves to heighten the emotional impact on the reader, pushing the reader toward an understanding of the narrator’s troubled mind. The author uses the first person point of view in describing his character. He uses the pronoun “I”. There is also use of second person because he uses the pronoun “you” and he is as if he is talking to you, commanding the reader to believe his thoughts. The author also uses third person narrative voice. Third person narrative voice employs category of third person point of view.He uses the pronoun “his” and “he” in describing the motions of the old man. Thus bringing out the theme of dehumanization and sadism, the old man is killed mercilessly and the narrator finds joy in killing. REFERENCES The Tell-Tale Heart; Edgar Allan Poe Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart; E. Arthur Robinson Ohio University: Points of View and Narrative Voice Poetry Foundation: Edgar Allan Poe -- 1809-1849 Poe Museum: Edgar Allan Poe Biography Mystery and Oddity in Edgar Allan Poe's The Tell-Tale Heart; Abadli Farida University of Michigan: Dictionary of Symbolism: The Lamp Bits and Pieces II -- Selected Quotations About Edgar Allan Poe

Select an extract from any literary text and analyse it using the performative text approach KISAKYE BARBRAH TRACE

Performative text approach derives from the term performativity which works hand in hand with terms such as performative and performance. The three words derive from the verb to perform. They denote the capacity to execute an action, carry something out actually and thoroughly and according to the prescribed ritual. An example is the act of saying “ I pronounce you husband and wife” by a priest, a judge pronouncing a verdict among others. The theory is sued in various disciplines and has been used and still used in a number of discussion. Scholars such as Jacques Derrida, Shoshan Felman Judith Butler have handled the concept in their fields such as feminism (Judith B), queer theory, deconstruction and psychoanalysis. In literary works, J.L Austin is acknowledged for the use of the theory. It derives from his founding work in speech act theory. He did not use the word performativity but did beginning in the 1950s give the performative utterances. According to him, saying something meant doing something. In his work “How to do things with words”, he states that a performative utterance can’t be said to be true or false as a “constative utterance” can be judged as either happy or inflictions” depending upon whether the conditions of required for its success have been met. In this sense, performativity is then a function of the pragmatics of language. Having shown that all utterances perform actions the constative inclusive, Austin famously discarded the distinction between performative and constative utterances. These resulted into the formation of a book which was later on replaced with three-level framework. These levels are;- Location, these are the actual words spoken which the linguists and linguistic philosophers of the day were mostly interested n analyzing. Illocutionary force. This is what the speaker is attempting to do in uttering the location. Perlocutionary effect:- It is the actual effect the speaker actually ahs a on the interlocutor by uttering the location. A poem titled “a poem” by Nichita Stannescu. It can aid in the illustration of the performative text approach using it’s 3 framework levels. Under the locution the words carry with them the dictionary meaning that is literary, they do not imply anything, they are not symbols nor images of anything they are plain. Under the illocutionary force, the words now carry with them what the speaker is saying and his intension, in the poem title “A poem the speakers says what will the person who could be the loved one do in case he kissed the arch of the loved ones’ foot, will he or she treasure it or not, the speakers’ intension is to know his or her stand in this person’s love life, does t she or he treasure him or her? So much that when he kissed the arch of his or her foot he would not want to step or it or he or her does not? Under the perlucutionary effect, the speaker’s actual effect on the interlocutor by uttering the locution is portrayed for the poem title a poem. The actual effect the speaker has on the interlocutor is the power to make the interlocutor recognize what the speaker’s thinks of him or her, the courage to make the interlocutor think of how to handle the kiss in case it came. The interlocutor realizes that he speakers context treasure his kisses. In conclusion, performative text approaches limits interpretation of a text to meaning in context. This becomes biased and thus deprives off the right of a work to be interpreted fully.   References Austin JL (1962). How to do things with words, P.5 John Searle (1979). Expression and meaning: Studies in the theory of speech acts, Cambridge University Press.

Referring closely to any literature text studied on your 3rd year course, identify and discuss the prominent linguistic features that contributes to its message. NANSUBUGA ASHA, MULOKI SHAMIM, NAKIDDE MOUREEN

PERCY BYSSHE SHELLY 1792-1822 OZYMANDIAS OF EGYPT I met a traveler from antique land Who said: Two vast and trunkless legs of stone stand in the desert. Never them on the sand, Half sunk, a sshatter’d- visage lies, Whose frown And Wrinkled lip and sneer of cold command Tell that it’s sculptor well those passions read Which yet survive, stamp’d on these lifeless things, The hand that mock’d them and heart that fed; And on the pedestal these words appear: My name is Ozymandias, King of king: Look on my works, ye might, and despair! Nothing besides remains. Round the decay Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare, The lone and level sands stretch far a way .   Linguistic features refer to elements of language. Language is broken down into aspects which work together to come with a complete text and meaning. These aspects or elements are; Lexis, morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics and graphology. In this poem, the speaker meets a traveler from an ancient place who narrates to him the ruine of Ozymandias. The scattered pieces of the desert with their emotional expressions of arrogance and pride still alive and well displayed on the half sunk visage. Only the legs still stand without a trunk. On the pedestal, Ozymandias declares his supreme authority and dares the powerful ones to marvel at his works and fear yet in actual sense the lonely sand of the desert surround his scattered self. Lexis, which is the prominent linguistic features in the poem, refer to choice of words. In other words, the diction that the poet selectively employs in a poem to make full meaning. Here, the poet uses nouns like, Land, Legs, desert, visage, King, Ozymandias through which we convey vivid images of the situation in the poem. Furthermore, the setting of the poem is clearly stated which also reveals the atmosphere of the poem. The poet mentally involves us in the poem through these nouns. The poet also uses adjectives such as ancient, trunkless, wrinkled, lifeless, lone, shattered, cold, boundless which display a vivid description of the images conveyed or event. We are able to see, using our mind’s eye, Ozymandias’ sculpture without a trunk, the broken pieces of his face with the arrogant and proud look, the widely stretched lonely environment of only sand in the desert. So through the adjectives, we ably tell the situation and implied character of Ozymandias. Also, the poet uses verbs like met, sneer, despair, mocked, stamped. Met, for instance brings to our realization the two voices in the poem. The speaker’s and narrator’s, sneer clearly portrays Ozymandias’ arrogance, despair reveals his pride. Such verbs unveil the underlying character of Ozymandias and the different voices in the poem. Morphology is another outstanding linguistic feature in the poem. Morphology refers to word formation, say, how words are formed from smaller units. The poet uses words like trunkless, traveler, lifeless. The poet adds suffixes on the root words to form the appropriate word. For example trunkless, which comes from the word trunk shows that Ozymandias’ sculpture did not have a trunk, lifeless reveals that his sculpture did not have any life or liveliness in it. Regarding this, we are able to attach the desired meaning to the poem. Some suffixes are ‘ed’ which indicate past tense. This then also indicates a drift of time and how it has shammed Ozymandias. Regarding this, we are able to attach the desired meaning to the poem. Phonology is also outstanding as a linguistic feature in the poem. It refers to sound patterns in a language. In the direct speech and reported speech. The direct speech is by the persona who meets a traveler, and further explains what the traveler narrates about Ozymandias which becomes the reported speech. During the narration, the narrator directly quotes Ozymandias’ words as displayed on the pedestal which read “My name Ozymandias king of kings.” The difference in speech levels, mostly the direct speech by Ozymandias provides first hand information and emphasises Ozymandias’ arrogant, authoritative and proud character. Further more, concerning Ozymandias’ words “Look on my works, ye might and despair!” The poet uses ‘ye’ which is the ancient version of the contemporary ‘you’ word. Through this, the aspect of the drift of time or difference in time is clearly put across as time has ashamed Ozymandias and rendered him a useless entity. Also, there is alliteration of in the poem. The poet uses the phrase ‘King of Kings’ in which there are consonant sounds repeated at the beginning of the words. This phrase emphasizes Ozymandias’ greatness and supremacy as he is a King of all the kings. The poet involves the /K/ sound. This sound is uttered with a certain authority which also contributes to the meaning of the poem This is in a way that it shows Ozymandias as a great and authoritative leader. Semantics refers to the meaning of words and phrases in the poem the poets uses different meanings to bring out the of the poem for example denotative and connotative meaning of the poem. Denotative meaning of this poem is that ozymandias was a proud king who under minded people (his subjects) which is portrayed in the poets description of ozymandias “whose frown and wrinled lip and sneer of cold command” which means that his facial expresses under minding his subjects since he take himself to be supreme than the rest. Further more the writer (poets) quotes ozymandias words directly form the pedestal which reads. “My name is ozymandias, king of kings”. Look on my works, ye mighty and despair” than any other being in his kingdom but his words have a shamed him since he is no more. Connotative meaning of the poem is that no man is immortal because of one point in time they all have to die despite the fact of ones mighty and powerfulness which is portrayed in the poem ozymandias of Egypt. Who consider himself to be superior than the rest of the people in his world but the words written on the pedestal mock him in that he dies and his kingdom is shattered therefore time has ashamed him and through the power of words which do not die we are able power of words which do not dies we are able to know about how powerful ozymandia was. Syntax is a structure of a phrase or phrases and sentences in a text and the poet uses a different sentence structure than the normal one which is supposed to be SVO (subject, verbs, object) for instances he uses sentences like; Near them on the sand, half sunk, a shattered visage lies Rather than Near them on the sand lies a half sunk shattered visage. This means that the emphasis is on the visage. … Tell that it’s sculptor well those passion read. Rather than …Tell that it’s sculptor read those passion well, here emphasis is on how explicit the passions were displayed on the visage. Look on my works ye mighty and despair! Rather than Look on my works, you mighty and despair! The emphasis is to the word “ye” which is written in Shakespearean English which focuses on a drift of time. Where the word would be “you” in current English. Graphology refers to the physical manifestation of language. In other wards the study of handwriting in terms of revealing character and also meaning of a particular text. Referring to Ozymandias’ of Egypt, the poet uses run on lines for concrete explanation. For example, the persona reports the words of the traveler, --- Who said, “Two vast and trunkless legs of stone stand in the desert. Near them, on the sand, Half sunk , a shattered visage lies whose frown, And wrinkled lip---” These run on lines enable ample explanation and description which helps us to visualize the events in the poem and understand it better. Also, the poet uses an exclamation mark. For example Ozymandias’ words on the pedestal read, “ Look on my works, ye mighty and despair!” The exclamation mark in this case emphasizes Ozymandias’ arrogant and patronizing character, also the proud tone is implied in the poem. Further more, the colons are also employed in the poem. For example “ I met a traveler from an antique land, who said: “Two vast and trunkless --- And on the pedestal these words appear: My name is Ozymandias ---” The colons differentiate the levels of speech, say, direct and reported. They also differentiate the words of the speaker from those of the traveler so through this, we realize the different voices in the poem. In addition to the above, the poet uses commas. For instance “ Half sunk, a shattered visage lies, whose frown, And wrinkled lip, and shear of cold command” These set the pace of the poem. The reader is able to read the poem in the intended tone with the commas as guidelines for the pace. This indeed makes the poem more lively. Also, the poet uses direct and indirect speech ranging from persona to the traveler, “ I met a traveler from an antique land, Who said: “Two vast and trunkless legs---” These two levels of speech emphasize the drift or difference in time implying that Ozymandias’ reign was ancient since the traveler is also from an ancient land and the speaker, throughout the poem, simply reports what the traveler tells him. Lastly, the poem is a sonnet. It consists of fourteen lines. This style of writing considered ancient. Regarding the fact that the persona simply reports what he was told by the ancient traveler, there is a clear implication that Ozymandias’ reign was indeed ancient. In conclusion therefore, features of language complement each other to make full meaning of a text.

Critically evaluate the Uganda national boards UACE and UCE literature syllabus. a) Give the social, economic and political justification of the texts on this syllabus. It were up to your which texts would you select for these syllabuses (Referring to A level literature). NAKIDDE RITAH b)

A level literature in English consists of three papers. The A level literature syllabus runs for 4 years and the current started in 2015 and it is ending in 2019. Literature paper III handles novels and on the current syllabus we have novels like Oliver Twist by Charles dickens, Houseboy by Ferdinard Oyono, darkness at Noon, Heart of the matter, Murkey River among others. The major reasons as to why literature is taught as that it must educate and as well entertain. The following are the reasons why I think the books on the syllabus are relevant. Politically, these texts expose current situations for example when looking at Charles Dickens Oliver Twist, he exposes. The issue of corruption and materialism at the main work house we see that people in power manipulate. The needy. Mrs. Mann is given money to take good care of the needy, give them food, clothing and good shelter. She claims to be helping them out all in disguise as we see the condition is actually not good. This is what happens been in our society today take an insistence of the chogm scandal where a lot of money was lost yet it was meant to help the AIDS patients. Still on then [political view, Dicken’s novel brings out he idea that those in the high position of are taken as superiors. Considering that Fagin was the leader of all thieves, eh w has the authority to allow anyone into the gang and to dismiss them. He has the right to order for anyone’s death for example we see him attempting to kill Oliver Twist and also he kills his wife Nancy. This is what happens even in our society today where we see many workers have lost their lives for opposing the ideas of those in high position. Socially, literature paper III brings out the racial segregation among people. The text House boy by Ferdinard brings out exploitation of the Blacks by the whites are exploiting black. for example Tondi is bring mistreated for example he is over worked and yet not appreciated, he is imprisoned with out trial and yet he is innocent. He is beaten to the extent that he dies. In our society today we see how European boss mistreat black workers and make them over work like slaves. Furthermore, on the social side, literature paper III shows how people relate with others in Dickens Oliver Twist we see how Oliver suffers at Sowerberry’s place. He sleeps in a room with coffins, he hardly gets enough meals. Mrs. Sowerberry and Noah Claypole mistreat him by beating him up-likewise in mistreated in homes of the rich. Economically, literature paper III captures experiences that show the economic status of society and how people struggle to man over, through such economic hard ships. For example in Oliver Twist given the economic status in London that makes people desperate booking for what to survive on renders them vulnerable and take on any activity that comes on their way. This is seen when Mr. Fagin and the Mocks resort to thefty and indulging young vulnerable children into the activity that they may earn a living. These things happen in our contemporary society where the poor have resorted to thefty especially the children on streets have resorted to stealing in order to earn a living. b) I would choose Charles Dickens Oliver twist the following are the reasons why I would choose that text; The text Olive Twist depicts lessons to the readers. It brings out situations that are our daily experiences for example it asserts a saying that suffering is not death to be true. Oliver suffers from the time of his birth when his mother dies, he has no clothing, does not feed well, he nearly dies of hunger on his way to London. Just like his name Oliver Twist indeed life Twists him but he ends up successful when he inherits his wealth from the mocks. From this one learns to be strong and persevering. Still from that text we learn to correlate and live with other people regardless of their behaviors and practices. This is depicted when Oliver Twist endures the torture and suffering when eh is living at Sowerberry’s place. It’s is not liked by Mrs. Sowerberry and Noah Claypole who abuse him by insulting h his dead mother. They connive and beat him up and also report to Mr. Sowerberry who does the same thing. From this we learn that even those who are needy should not be treated bad. The text also exposes the exploitation of vulnerable people. Oliver Twist is apprehended by Mr. Bumble to go and work at Sowerberry’s home. He is being exploited where we see him being used to take measurements for coffins when someone dies. He is taken to cry on the funeral in order to earn money for Sowerberry and he is not paid for all this. The text is humorous and so interesting to read. The description of Mrs. Mann as being so fat, tall and moves like as if he is heavy is humorous. The scene when Oliver goes to ask for more food and he is hit birth the spoon is also humorous. The description of Fagin’s death also brings out grim humorous. In conclusion, the texts in literature paper III are relevant on the syllabus as they bring out the educative as well as entertaining aspect when related to our society today.

BABIRYE CISSY

Critically evaluate the UNEB’s UCE and UACE literature in English syllabuses and; (a) Give the social, economic and political justification of the texts on these syllabuses. The following reasons below are the reasons for the social, economic and political justification of the texts on the UCE syllabuses. The texts are: Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease and Animal Farm. Political reasons: Students need to learn about corruption amongst their leaders but in an indirect way that is using animals and giving them human characters. It is only a literally scholar who can read these literally books and get the message of the novelist. Corruption in all its forms is exposed in these novels which helps to open the minds of these students such that they can have a different understanding of things from other people. The students need to get knowledge about dictatorship of leaders in a hidden way so by giving them these novels on their syllabuses, they make sure that they will be able to expose all forms of dictatorship from these novels. The students also get the difference between a dictator and a human oppressor. The texts are politically justified on the syllabus for the case of manipulation. The students of literature need to get the knowledge about manipulation in all its manifestations so that they can know how to deal with it. The texts are politically justified such that the students are exposed to all the ways in which the leaders in society abuse their power like in |Animal Farm when Napoleon abuses his power and he says that only pigs should eat the eggs from the hens, pigs eat the apples among others. Politically, it is believed that the 20th century marked the end of the concept of human freedom. Therefore students of literature need to know the human freedoms that were lost during that time and how they were lost. Humans lost a freedom of democracy where a leader nowadays just takes over the government in power and stays on the seat for as long as he wishes. Economic reasons: The texts in literature help to show the students that the society in which we live is gifted by different things but it is our leaders who destroy them, for example in Animal Farm, the apples that the pigs eat and the eggs from the hens that the pigs eat too. Therefore students need to know what good things their society has and probably how they can defend it. The texts are justified because they show the exploitation of the white men who came to spread the Word of God but they ended up taking our raw materials. They destroyed people’s huts and shrines which were used as houses of worship and built churches and they ended up making some natives to become squatters on their own land. The literally texts help to show the students how the western culture has buried the African culture because now Africans own each and everything individually yet back in the days everything was owned communally including the children and the decisions were made by riders in the society but now people have to be elected into power. The texts help to show the students that there is economic insecurity in their country. This is because each and everything today is solved by violence and in the texts it is clear for example in Animal Farm, Napoleon killed other animals and he ruled them due to economic and political insecurity. Social reasons: Socially, the texts are justified on the UCE syllabuses due to the following reasons: The texts help to show the students how the Africans have decided to break up with each other. Before the coming of the white man, people stayed together and they owned property communally but now there is construction of perimeter walls to provide security. The texts also help to show the hypocrisy of the people for example government inspector when the government officials were not sure of who exactly was sent as the government inspector and they ended up mistaking another person because they knew that they were doing something wrong to other people. (b) If it were up to you, which texts would you select for these syllabuses? UCE syllabuses Things fall Apart - Chinua Achebe Animal farm - George Oswell Black Mamba - Nadifa Mohammed

Critically evaluate the UNEB, UCE UACE Literature in English syllabus 1) Give the social economic and political justification of the texts on this syllabus 2) If it were you which texts will you select for this syllabus. Paper two (plays) WANYAMA BERNARD .M NABUKENYA QUDRA GWOKYALYA HASAFAH

One of the texts we selected is Adoll’s House it’s a realistic play which strives to poetry life accurately and shuns idealized visions. Ibsen employs the themes and structure of classical tragedy about everyday unexceptional people the play also manifests Ibsen’s concern for women’s rights in general. It opens on charismas eve. Nora enters her well furnished living room the setting of the entire play carrying several packages. Torvald helmer, Nora’s husband comes out of his study when he hears her arrival. he greets him playfully and affectionately ,but chides her for spending too much money on charismas gifts. When the play progress we see that characters change for example Nora after realizing the sickness of her husband she leaves and almost everything changes Inbsen stress anew beginning reform and self realization. He wants to change and reform the women’s position; he desires to fight for the education of women. An true system of marriage, heredity, platonic love, motherhood and positions of women in family and society are the repeated themes. Due to some reasons Nora no longer wants to stay in her a doll’s house any longer, no more emotions and sacrifice work here. She refuses to submit to her husband anymore and wants to face the world on her own. According to the male dominated society Nora has done an unthinkable action as a middle class woman in an ordinary circumstances .but to the female one, she wants to prove herself as an independent human being and is continuing to struggle for the self realization of her true self. Before Nora, no woman had taken such courageous action. This teaches students to be courageous and never turn back to their past. The point that Ibsen has followed is that this kind of society cannot satisfy the natural needs of a woman for freedom and this idea forms the background to his criticism of the contepory life or society. He believes that there is a contradiction between the official and the private life of an individual. He tries to suggest that this ideas commentator on the contemporary life. In his point of view the individuals is sustaining element in the society. Hence his status in the family stands as an illustration of his position in the whole society. The power structures within the domestic home reflect the hierarchical power structures which prevail in the outside world. In this way he is able to embody contemporary social problems through the media of women. Economically, Ibsen indicates a family which is financially stable. Well presented as “well of family’ Ibsen uses Torvald to show how economic the family is. That is to say Torvald chastise Nora of spending too much money on shopping for charismas. He counts out each bill, as if bestowing a great favor. at least outwardly Nora is reliant o her husband for money. Some of Torvald’s pet names for his wife allude to her inability to save money .he calls her, again and again “a spendthrift” and depending on the translation “my little money bag” when he asks Nora for money as charismas present, he smiles at her indulgently . According to Torvald, Nora spends a lot of money just like her father In the adoll’s House paints bleak picture of the sacrificial role held by women of all economic classes in the society ,the plays female character exemplify Nora’s assercetion that even though men refuse to sacrifice their integrity that hundreds and thousands have in order to support her mother and brothers ,Mrs. Linda found it necessary to abandon Krogstad her true but penniless love and marry a richer man. The nanny had to abandon her own child to support herself by working as Nora’s care taker. As she tells Nora, Nanny considers herself lucky to have found the job since she was a poor girl who would be led astray. Though Nora is economically advantaged in comparison to women or female characters in the play, she leads a difficult life because the society dictates that Torvald be the marriage’s dominant partner. Nora’s abandonment of her children can also be seen or interpreted as an act of self sacrifice. Despite Nora’s love for her children manifested by her interaction and great fear of corrupting them she chooses to leave them with Nanny whom she thinks can be the best mother for children. It is through this theme of motherhood that we learn to appreciate the sacrificial role of women. Besides appreciating, the students learn that they have to work hard to earn a living for their families and not to depend on their husbands for even the small items like basic needs. As Nora reveals to Mrs. linde, she faced amoral crisis at the beginning of her marriage .unable to procure, legal manner, the funds needed to save her husband’s life, she resorts to forging her father’s name asguarator to the loan. She places her love concern for her husband’s well being above the law. Since she diligently works to pay back the loan, the offense doesn’t seem so severe; it is a crime in definition only. In a higher sense, Nora has not acted in an immoral manner. However, those who are there to societal standards like her husband ultimately have different values. Torvald values social responsibility and honor above all else including actions done out of love; Nora values love over social honor. Consequently a conflict emerges regarding their priotization of values. Practicability is a social justification of the play A DOLL’S HOUSE, from this text we see Nora as a practical person in that she does not let her husband die, she borrows money just to save his life even if society condemns a woman borrowing money. She looks at the bigger picture where she opts to save life other than losing a life or rather her husband instead of preserving societal norms(the smaller picture) therefore one is encouraged to be practical rather than rigid and illogic. The marriage that IBSEN presents is oppressive to one of the participants. The doll metaphor is an indication of a situation that is intolerable to a human being one does better in classifying IBSEN as an advocate of human rights. Nora is not an object yet she has felt like one her whole life. Ibsen does not absolve Nora from the duties of motherhood. Rather, he shoes that in order for Nora (or a woman like Nora) to become a truly successful mother; she must first follow her heart and learn what it is like to be an individual instead of a doll or a toy. The play encourages women emancipation and this is justice enough for it to be on the syllabus because we need to encourage, uplift and empower the girl child who is also part of the learners. Evidence is in the emancipation Nora earns herself after realizing and refusing to be trumped over more so by men i.e. her father and husband. At the end of the play she stands up for herself and even decides to go discover herself and become a better woman that be can stand on her own. Parenthood has been a kind of adult hood in literature for many years. As dramas announces and as Nora confirms in the last act, marriage and marriage have been for her kind of existence in a doll’s House in which she has played with her children, with helmer and even her father before her marriage. This theme of parenthood teaches students to learn responsibilities when they grow up. Hence this book should be on the syllabus because it addresses the economic social and political issues. Other plays I wound recommend on the UACE include aminater.it also addresses social, economic and political issues in the society.forexample in this play the major aspect is focused on women emicipatation. The liberty of women in the society and mostly we look at the tradition against the modern way of living. In the tradition way women were not allowed to go school and only had to be submissive to their men. This contradicts with the play; the girl goes to school and she succeeds compared to his brother who becomes nuisances in the public.

NANDALA SHARON

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF LITERATURE LIT3101: PRACTICAL CRITICISM STUDENT’S NAME: REGISTRATION NO. TUTOR: ASSIGNMENT: NANDALA SHARON JOYCE 13/U/11442/EVE E.N Critically evaluate the Uganda National Examination Board’s UCE and UACE literature syllabuses; a) Give the social, economic and political justification of the text on the paper 3 syllabus. b) If it were up to you, which text would you select for the paper 3 syllabus? Literature is an optional principle subject offered at the advanced level of education in Uganda. It is commonly referred to as the Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education also known as UACE. According to NCDC, it comprises of 3 papers or units in accordance to its genres for example; we have prose and poetry referred to as paper 1, drama involving of plays as paper 2 and novels as paper 3 which involves basically narrative texts. The papers are compulsory to students that decide to take on this subject at this level. Being assigned paper 3, I can say NCDC has worked hand in hand with the UNEB to put up a favorable syllabus for this particular paper. The syllabus consists of texts like Oliver twist by Charles Dickens, Houseboy by Fedinard Oyono, Carcase by Mwanji, The Alien Woman and many more. Personally, I would choose to talk about Oliver Twist which is on the syllabus; it is a novel by Charles Dickens a social critique. Briefly, it is a life line thread of Oliver’s life from rags to riches as I may term it. Oliver witnesses a lot of ups and downs all through his developing life. He passes though hands of many characters including; Mr. bumble, Mr. Sowerberry, Fagin, Brownlow, Nancy, Mrs. Mylie, Jack Dawkins to mention but a few and only few of them are good to him. Socially, this book brings out various issues which include; class differences that we all know about and perhaps the behavior of the classes. We see how Oliver is tossed around and treated by the different people according to their status.it also talks about issues that place in society for example, poverty, illiteracy, and all sorts of social problems. Economically, it depicts on how different character utilize their wealth and also how they accumulate it. Characters like Fagin have a different perception of attaining money while people like Brownlow also have different ways of attaining wealth. The way Oliver encounters and utilizes money is totally different. According to the performative text approach, basically I can say the texts communicates to the society for example, it impacts society with knowledge of how orphans can be taken care of, how poverty can be prevented, and it also shows how social class can be a problem to society. Politically, Dickens doesn’t really exhaust much and that is where I can put my stand; If given a chance to contribute to the syllabus, I would include lord of the flies. This is a diverse novel by William Golding. In brief, it’s about a group of schoolboys from Britain that are involved in a plane accident and end up at a deserted tropical island, the boys form two groups and first led by ralph the good character and later by two different leaders but each leading a different group. It goes on well at first but things don’t get along as the story line proceeds. Ralph and Jack are at the midst of the whole situation because they are the leaders and their disagreements spark off the fighting. It happens in phrases which Golding presents through placing each per chapter respectively until they are rescued from the evil surrounding them. In terms of justification, socially, it elaborates more on human nature which Charles Dickens doesn’t exhaust so well. William Golding is trying to show us that evil is inborn in human beings because these boys are young, and no one has taught them how to hate or fight each other. However, they do it as though they were experts most especially Jack and his group. Socially still, Golding brings out the aspect of working for the well-being of the entire society but not individual. For instance; when Ralph and his friend built the huts for the other boys although they did not help them. More on this, how to live together in harmony and with love for one another however much they may be your enemies because at one time you will need them. Economically, Golding brings out the aspect of creativity and accountability. This is symbolized by the way these boys try to survive at the island even without normal food. They utilize the fruits and hunted animals to keep their life moving on. The fires they light, the glasses that make the fire and the conch that symbolizes authority are all innovated ideas by the boys. Therefore, for an A level student who is yet to go out to the world, this is for them. Perlocutionally, it impacts their thinking capacity and encourages them to be creative at all times which boosts economic development to the individual and nation at large. Golding’s novel is rich in political terms because it digs out politics to its deepest. For example he uses the conch to symbolize authority and leadership. At first he puts everything on neutral grounds, the boys are at peace however Jack ruins everything as he is greedy for power and he decides to become Ralph’s rival. We all look at ralph because he is the good leader, he listens to everybody and always finds solutions to the boys’ problems whenever he is approached. He still exposes us to political procedures and things that take place during the leadership period. For example, he includes procedures like voting, campaigning and having competitors which happen the same way in the society. There are activities that symbolize leadership like the meetings they chair, the assemblies they call for and allocation of work and resources as well. With all these, I think it is worth including since Dickens doesn’t exhaust it all. There is an experience of death within the novel but it is all because of political hatred. It again brings out the aspect of struggle for power which also happens in today’s societies. Ralph and jack want the power and they all feel the potential. This also shows us that the ruling nature or character is to some extent in born because no one gave these boys the idea of leading the other boys. However they invent it by themselves and tried hard to respect it because they assumed that leaders were superior and that they are not at the same level with everyone and that’s why the conch is used. With this idea that Golding brings out, these literature students are able to learn the good aspects of leadership for example; a leader is to guide not to mislead, is to be approached but not feared, a leader is to love not to hate, friendly and not harsh. However, they can also learn that for a successful leader to achieve, he or she must respect and love each individual equally and also cooperation among leaders themselves is crucial. In conclusion, I would like to say that; if given a chance, I would include lord of the flies to be part of the novels on the syllabus because it exhausts all concerns of living. It brings out human aspects and also shows the total utilization of environment resources which can be grounds of innovation. REFERENCES: 1) Dellinger,A.(2005).Validityandthereviewofliterature.Researchintheschools: 12(2) 2) Cooper, H. (1998). Synthesizing Research: A guide for literature reviews.

Using a literary text studied on any third year literature courses, identify and discuss the various voices the respective authors employ, how effective are these voices in the articulation of the themes and characters of the respective texts. ASHABA MERCY, NAMBALIRWA ELIZABETH, OBUA JUDITH AND NALUSWA MOHAMMED

In literature, polyphony is a feature of narrative which includes a diversity of point of view and voices. The concept was introduced by Mikhail Bakhtin using a metaphor based on the musical term polyphony. Bahtin’s theory mentions polyphony as dialogism. He argues that polyphony is basically “a new theory of authorial point of view” polyphony literally means “multi voicedness” polyphony arises infliction when the special position of the author allows great freedom of interaction to the character. The characters in a polyphonic novel are allowed maximum freedom so that they can argue with each other and even with their author. That is in polyphonic novels different centers of consciousness are allowed to interact on the plane of the novel. According to David Lodge, a polyphonic novel is “a novel” in which a variety of conflicting ideological positions are given a voice and set a placed and judged by an authoritative authorical voice. The multi voiced nature of fiction allows different ideological perspectives to enter the novel. ºBakhtin’s interested in such speech phenomena as stylization, parody and dialogue and thinks these phenomena require special treatment in the study of novels. The phenomena according to him are the best expressions of dialogicality/ polyphony belong to the category of double voiced discourse. We used the literary text, song of Lawino by Okot P’ Bitek to bring out the different voices and how effective they are in the articulation of the themes and characterization. One of the major themes in Okot P’ Bitek’s song of Lawino is that tradition versus modernization. Okot’s song of lawino is multi voiced and in this we see two major characters Lawino and Ocol. Ocol has a derogatory view of Africans and their culture believing that it holds back the people. Lawino is also another mind set and tries to show Ocol all that is good in their culture. The two clash literally, physically and philosophically to present the theme. Okot uses his mouth pieces Lawino a female protagonist a rural un Westernized , traditional woman married to Ocol, An African who has received western education influenced by western education, Ocol abandons his rural wife Lawino consequently Lawino addresses her husband in an attempt to reason with him. From the beginning of the poem, the tone is sharpened Lawino dresses the husband directly in the second person and the same time speaks in manner which reduces him to a level of a fool. In chapter twelve Lawino lampoons Ocol by telling him directly how stupid he is to ape and be subservient to whit people Lawino pleads with her husband but in a manner that ridicules him. This brings out the character of Lawino to be loving, caring but abusive. Okot uses the voice of Lawino to bring out the theme of love as developed by Lawino. She cherished the husband and tries to bring him back to his sense. Okot uses statistical monologues in his poem.  There are different types of voices as shown below that apply in literary texts. Epistolary voice – makes use of letters and documents to convey the message and reveal the story. It may use multiple person’s voice or there cud be no narrate at all, e.g. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, she uses a sequence letters to express the voice of the narrator. 5. Third person subjective voice. A narrator describes feelings, thoughts and opinions of one or more characters. For examples Herper lee’s to kill a mocking bird is a good e.g. where the character narrates the whole story. (White Teeth) ➢ First person narrative is used to create a realistic sense, (3) Unrealizable voice ➢ Writer tries to deceive the readers. As the stay proceeds, readers are able to notice that the voice is unusual. Character directly talks to the readers showing highly exaggerated style. Format through narrators/ authors tell their story. It is the author’s way of writing/ point of view. 1. Author’s voice (particular style) 2. Character’s voice (voice of the main character, how he views the world. Examples of voices Stream of consciousness voice ➢ Narratives voice that comprises of thoughts process of the characters’. 2. Character voice. To and never publish anything under their own name. Narration; narrate the story without showing the character’s feelings and thoughts and gives unbiased and objectives point of view. Polyphony- voices in a literacy text, meaning of a literacy based on the voices. 1. Stream of consciousness voice. Thought process of the character’s 2. Character voice- character narratives the story. Also first person narrative. Okot uses Lawino to bring out the theme of tradition us modernization in that we see the way the two characters think and perceive each others culture for example Lawino through the stream of consciousness voice perceives the while people’s culture is strange and actually goes on ahead to pity her husband ……….. “I do not understand the ways of the foreigners. Lawino defends her Acoli tradition while Ocol on the other hand despises Lawino and her “backwardness”, he believes the ways, and of the Acoli is Savage, primitive. “Black people’s food is primitive…. Black people’s food is dirty” So stream of consciousness voice brings out the theme of tradition us modernization through their thoughts we see how the two characters think about the life style of the other. It also brings out the theme of the loss of culture at the expense of progress. This is seen through character voice, we see how the character Ocol despises the Acoli tradition he is willing to lose his culture at the expense of living like a white man we see this first of all from the way Ocol speaks about the Acoli African tradition. “Black people’s food is primitive” This clearly shows that Ocol is not interested in his own culture to a point of calling his traditional food primitive. He prefers to calling to the white man’s ways. He does not care about losing his cultural. Also through Lawino’s voice, we use theme of cultural loss being portrayed. Lawino through her lamination clearly shows us that Ocol, her husband is so taken up by the Western culture that he wants nothing to do with the tradition of the Acoli. “My husband is angry because he says I can’t keep time. And donot know how to count the years” Ocol doesn’t chat with me… He says he has no time” (7) My husband says I’m useless because I waste time… Thus through the character voices of these character’s, we see that the theme of loss of culture is portrayed through both Lawino and Ocol’s perspective. Another theme is the theme of impact of colonial education on African societies. This theme is portrayed through the character voice, first person narrative, that is to say, we can clearly see the impact of colonial education on African and one of the victims is Ocol. Ocol is a clear example, because he has been badly affected while Lawino hasn’t been affected by this impact. Therefore, we look at the impact in positive and negative way; Ocol has been affected by this impact of colonial education negatively because he no longer sees value in his tradition in what he really (5). He prefers to be someone he’s not (Western) and has completely deserted his culture. For example he prefers to eat the Whiteman’s food, dress, like them dance like them and insults, Lawino because she doesn’t follow in his footsteps. “My husband looks down upon me… chapter 8” “He says he is ashamed of me” “Ocol laughs at me because/ can’t cross myself properly” Ocol insult Lawino in this chapter simply because she cannot make the sign of the cross and doesn’t have a Christian name, he calls her “Jok” Therefore we see that the impact of colonial education on Ocol is negative. However on the other hand, the impact on Lawino is totally different, she unlike her husband treasures and strongly approves of her culture. She sticks to her ways and even after being insulted by her husband, she still sticks to her culture and tradition. The impact doesn’t move her though at one point she confesses she gets a little jealous of Clementine or the white people. In chapter 2. She says “She resembles a wild cat…… And it looks so pale” “The smell of carbolic soap makes me sick” This shows how Lawino is not like her husband. She goes on to praise her culture and the black to Acoli woman in her, she is proud of her culture. “I don’t deny I’m a little Jealous. It is not good lying” “: a black woman’s hair is thick and curly” (chapter 5) We can also look at this theme in a different point of view. The impact of colonial education on African societies has also affected Lawino in that she represents woman whose husbands have fallen prey to the western ways. That is to say she suffers because of Ocol. He insults her, calls her names live “Jok” pagan etc so much as Lawino still sticks to the Acoli customs. This impact has negative side on her. “Ocol says I look extremely ugly when I’m fully advanced for the dances.” (Chapter 4). In song of Lawino, Okot foregrounds a black female speaker whose pride in the traditional Acoli ways of life inspires her to criticize a husband who has become a product of colonial attitudes. This post colonial text advocate’s pre- colonial society through the voice of Lawino who takes prides in her black identity. Okot P’ Bitek lamely shows his own attitudes towards black feminine difference in song of Lawino. Song of Lawino is based on a real social problem experienced in many rural places in East Africa. Initially in East Africa men received education up to higher levels than women. Some even went abroad for future studies leaving their rural wives in villages. The result was that there was an often trouble when a husband with all his western ideals returned to live with his wife who remained entrenched in African values. Such marriages sometimes dissolved especially if the husband behaved like Ocol and had contempt for all the African ways of life held by the wife and family. Okot utilizes the dramatic impact of such a common domestic problem to express his points about the future of Africa.   REFERENCES 1. THE IMAGE OF THE WOMAN IN OKOT P’BITEK’S SONG OF LAWINO WWW.MEMOIREON.COM 2. WWW.BOOKRAGS.COM THEMES IN SONG OF LAWINO 3. 5144 BANKS II PROOF CHAPTER 5 4. THOUGHT AND TECHNIQUE IN THE POETRY OF OKOT P’BITEK BY MONICA NALYAKA WANAMBISI. 5. WWW.AMAZON.COM 6. WWW.PUBLISHINGCRAWL.COM

UNKNOWN GROUP MEMBERS

The linguistic structural approach is an approach to practical criticism based on the understanding that language is a raw material and a medium of expression. The major assumption of this approach is that a literally text is made of words and uses words to communicate its meaning. According to John M, Moyer and Alene, 2014, Social dynamics can refer to the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members. It is concerned with changes over time and emphasizes the role of feedback. It focuses on individual level behavior and recognizes the importance of heterogeneity across individuals; that is behavior changes over time. Language is dynamic and therefore it changes in terms of the meaning of words in that some words no longer mean what they used to mean. The language historian Anne Curzan takes a closer look at these phenomenon and shares some words that used to mean something totally different from what they mean now. Such words include, “fantastic” which used to mean something that exists in one’s imagination but now it means something that it is very incredible, “unique” which used to mean something silly and foolish now means something very unusual, “spinster” which used to mean women who spun now means an unmarried woman and “gay” which used to mean happy now means a homosexual. However according to the question, handling social dynamics is much more related to the author’s use of language to create meaning. Author play with words and change their meaning to give a clear understanding of the text to the reader. Social dynamics is also related to pragmatics and semantics which deal with the contextual meaning of words and the meaning of words in a language respectively. As per the question, we chose to use Chinua Achebe’s “Arrow of God” page 100 because the author chooses to play with words depending on the context to bring the meaning of the text near to the reader. For instance the author uses the word “cooking” through Akuebue who says, “You forget that a woman who began cooking before another must have broken utensils” By “cooking” in the above sentence Chinua Achebe does not mean the real act of preparing food but rather having had sexual encounters. This implies that language is open ended because the word “cooking” is not only limited to preparing food but can be socially used in deferent ways depending on the context. Still in the above sentence, the words “broken utensils” do not mean the written materials. It rather means widened private parts because of experience in sexual affairs. This also indicates that language changes in time and therefore not static. The author also uses the words “palm wine” through the same character Akuebue who says, “…, those who give good advice and those who only speak the words of palm wine.” In this case, “palm wine” is used to mean atrocity or irritation. This language change through change of meaning of words shows that language is dynamic. Last but not least Chinua Achebe through Akuebue in the last paragraph of chapter nine says, “That’s why we say that whatever tune you play in the compound of a great man, there is always someone to dance to it.” By “tune” Akuebue means any activity taking place in a compound of a great man but not the series of musical tone that are sung or played. And by “dance” he means doing or taking part in the activities that take place in a great man’s compound. REFERENCES; John .M. Moyer and Alene (2014), Trends in Applied Linguistics: Social Dynamics in Second Language Accent, Columbia University Press, page 10. Chinua Achebe (1964), Arrow of God, Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria) limited. The Text, page 100. Anne Curzan (2012) How English Works: A Linguistic Introduction. Pearson Longman 3rd Edition, University of Michigan

Select a one page extract from any literary text and analyse it using the linguistic structural approach. NANTONGO JULIET, NAGGAYI AISHA, NAKAYIMA SUSAN RUTH, NASASIRA ENID AND WENWA JOSEPH KEVIN

The structural linguistic approach is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. He stressed the idea of examining language as a static system of interconnected units (De Saussure, 1916). By units, De Saussure refers to words which are focal points and the structure of language is analyzed by looking at words from the perspectives which are; a) their parts should be meaningful. b) their sounds of syllabus that make them up. c) The principle that organize them into phases and sentences and d) the semantic relationships that link them in sets (Singh, 2005). In particular, syntax, which is the structure to words, phrases clauses and sentence is one of the structural linguistic approach. Syntactic choice in literacy texts are thematized and therefore participate centrally in articulating a literacy text’s defining metaphysical, psychological and historical commitments as illustrated in “Song of Chickens” by Jack Mapanje.“Beyond Decoration” by P.J Kavanagh (1979), “Tired” by Opal Palmer Adisa (2009), “Beasts of No Nation” by Uzodinma Iweala (2005) and “Betrayal in the City” by Francis Imbuga. The poem “Song of Chickens” by Jack Mapanje (2004) is about a man who had authority over the people he lived with and in return respected him a lot but with time, he changes in his behavior treating them with contempt. The use of declarative statements as an aspect of syntax is employed by Mapanje in the poem and it’s these stated facts such as’ “master, you talked with bows, arrows and catapults once” and “to protect your chicken” which helps a reader derive meaning like main ideas of betrayal for this matter. In addition, interrogative statements are also employed by the writer to help his readers understand the meaning of the poem. We get to find out that there is hypocrisy and violence as themes, he uses questions that is, ‘why do you talk with knives now, you hands teaming with eggshells and hot blood from your own chicken? Is it to impress your visitors?” in stanza two and these seek for information and show uncertainty thus drawing the reader to realize that there is violence, hypocrisy, oppression among others as main ideas in the poem. Furthermore, in line three and four of stanza two, ‘your hands teaming with egg shells and hot blood from your own chicken?’ “arise lines have a possessive pronoun ”your” which confirms possession but the actions done by this person helps the reader understand that there is exploitation and hypocrisy as these are his own people. The poem ‘beyond Decoration by P.J Kavanagh (1979) is about a memory of the hard time the person went through when he lost a loved one. Kavanagh uses the following syntactic devices to expound on his memories as analysed below, Syntactic deviation is used where there is changes in the ideal word order and omission of words required by grammar. For example “Go out I cannot” to convey the inability to go out. Therefore Kavanagh does not rely on merely stating a prosaic’ I cannot go out’. Rather he shifts the syntax and says, ‘Go out, I cannot’ which lays a much stronger emphasis on the inability to go out conveyed by the word “cannot”. Syntax is used in unexpected and deviant ways to highlight the concerns of the poet and this is qualified as poetic license. Excess of patterning where repeated sound patterns and syntactic parallelism are applied to express rhythm and contrast in the poem. Jackobson’s project principle (1987) treats poetic syntax primarily as an instrument of parallelism and therefore of textual divisioning and semantic coupling. Kavanagh highlights his trivia using parallelism for example ‘but am stalled, and sad is not the word”. The end rhyme is applied to show co-ordination in his state of mind where he is in a standstill but, ironically he is not sad about the situation. The use of alliterative phrases like “rented room” locks the person into a helpless moment, until the relief of what is not exactly salvation but-again, ‘plainly shown a moment of grace in the wake of loss. (The one I wanted there was dead’). The poem “Tired” by Opal Palmer Adisa is basically a long poem without punctuation this therefore illustrates the daily routine the woman goes through from the time she wakes up, taking her children to school, going to work and other various activities. The poem has simple declarative sentences for example, “I go to bed” this sentence has a subject ‘I’, a verb ‘Go’ and an object ‘Bed’. Therefore this sentence illustrates how a woman is tried. A sentence has to have a subject, a verb and an object to make meaning. It also has compound sentences composed of atleast two clauses or sentences joined together by a conjunction, that is to say words like: and, but, for, or, so. For example i. Tied is the real name for working mother (last lines) ii. I tell you I am sick and tired… Therefore compound sentences in this poem illustrate that the speaker does more than one action, she does a lot of work and activities at the same time. There are also intransitive verbs. Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not require an object after it, it can therefore stand on it’s own to make meaning for example “I am tired”. In this sentence we definitely know the state of mind the speaker is in, she is tormented and frustrated of the daily routine and activities which leave her without a peace of mind. There are also modifiers in the poem. A modifier is a word that provide you with more information about a word or a noun is a sentence. They can be adjectives, adverbs or phases for example. i) I go bed very tired (The sentence is analyzed below with a syntactic tree) The sentences, ‘I go to be very tired’ has an adverb “very” and an adjective ‘Tired’ as modifiers of the whole sentences. This gives the exactness and accuracy of the information in the poem. The parallel structure of the poem expresses the same sentiment of the speaker being tired and exhausted physiologically in the brain and the body without even anyone to help or complain to because everyone is TIRED of hearing her say shes tired. In the play we are introduced to a character Mulili, a distant character of Boss. Mulili is an arrogant, selfish and illiterate person. In analysizing the syntax of Mulili’s languages and sentences, we choose one of his phrases when talking to Boss about Kabito; he tells him that Kabito is :) “A green grass in the green snake’’. The sentence is syntactically correct but semantically wrong because it does not bring out the sentence meaning. In other word Francis Imbuga used Mulili with his poor grammar and English to show the readers how illiterate he is and the incompetence of the Kafira government because people who are not educated enough and lack skills are put in higher places because they are brother’s and cousins of those who are in power, therefore he effectively brought out the nepotism and the corruption in the government using Mulili. Uzodinma Iweala’s “Beasts of No Naton” is a drama based on experience of a young boy Agu who is forced to join a group of soldiers in an unnamed West African country. Beasts of No Naton is about a young boy’s world which is suddenly transformed when the flames of war soon erupt at his doorstep forcing him to separate from his mother and sister. The Syntax used in the novel follows certain rules to make sense. For example page one of the novel, Agu opens with saying certain sentence structures which depict his age and language content. He says, “Iam feeling itch like insect is crawing on my skins”, “I am hearing so many thing”, just touching my body like knife. The syntax that Iweala uses intends to bring out the character analysis in the novel, characters like Agu, striker who are all young children. Their grammar is not so proper because they are still children. B.F Skinner says that the more a child makes an utterance the easier it becomes for a child to acquire that language. This implies that the more Agu and striker utter out some words, the more they get more acquitted with them. The unconventional diction and syntax used through the novel contributes to the experiences in the novel. For example “I am thinking, if I am killing killing, then I am going to hell….’’ The brutal tale of experiences of Agu, therefore, the novel is written in a highly stylized prose meant to mimic the syntax of several African languages as well as the mindset of a confused child having to deal with concepts of death and being forced to do evil things to survive. In conclusion, Cureton Richard highlights the importance of sensitization, sound, intonation, archetypal imagery, visual form, metor and rhythm in analyzing syntax of a literature text. REFERENCES Adisa Opal. P. (2009), “TIRED”. Cureton, R. D. (1997) ‘Linguistics, stylistics, and poetics’ Languages and literature 22. Ferdinand de Sausure (1916), Course in General Linguistics, Open Courthouse. Imbuga .F. (1976), Betrayal in the city, Jakobson, R. (1987) Languages in Literature Ed Kiystna Pomoiska and Stephen Rudy. Cambridge, Mass; Harvard up. Kavanagh, P.J (1990) ‘Beyond Decoration’ introduced by Micheal caines, The Times, Literary supplement limited, London, England. Mapanje. J (2004), Song of Chicken, 2004, The last of the sweet Bananas; New and selected poems (Bloodaxe Books in association with the Words worth Trust.) Uzodinma. I. (2005) Beast of No Nation, Harper perennial, United states

Using a literacy text studied on any third year literature courses, identify and discuss the various voices the respective authors employ. How effective are those voices in the articulation of theme and character of the respective texts? NAMPALA JOYCE SONIA, NANSUBUGA BRIDGET, AHUMUZA SHEILA AND MUGYENYI NABATTA NAGGAYISTEPHANIA

Discussing this question requires the use literacy polyphony. Polyphony is a feature of narrative which includes a diversity of points of views. Literacy polyphony is traced from the works of Mikhail Bakhtin who used a metaphor based on the musical term polyphony. For Bakhtin the primary example of polyphony war Dartoeversky’s prose. Bakhin argues that Daroversky unlike previous novelists does not appear to aim for a single vision and goes beyond simply describing situations from different angles. Instead according to Bakhtin, Dastoevesky aimed for fully dramatic novels of ideas in which conflicting views and characters are left to develop unevenly. Mikhail Bakhtin argues that a text has voices that account for the relationship between the narrator and the character. There are always various voices in a text. Novels usually have three speaking voices, that is to say, the first person where the author uses “I”, the second person where he author uses ‘you’ and finally the third person where author uses ‘they’ and ‘them’. For first person, the reader feels they are getting first hand information since the narrator is telling his or her stay from personal experience. And through third person, the author describes the feeling and thoughts of more than one character. And for poetry, the voice in there is the persona and all the experiences are told by this person. Because there are always voices in a text, we have to know the sources of the voices and these include the following: The author, in this case, he or she (author) talks in form of authorial intrusion. Authorial intrusion is where the author creates a close relationship with the reader where he or she may take the focus away from the main story and focuses on something else; that is to say, either the reader himself or the object. Another source of voices in the text is focalization – who tells the story, that is to say; it can be the first person, second person or third person. In other words focalization is a perspective through which a narrative is focused. Types of focalization include external focalization where knowledge is limited to what is visible and perceptible, internal focalization where a scene is perceived through the age of the character and lastly is zero focalization which is characterized by unallocated focaliser plus an ancient narrator. Another source of voices in a text is character, especially in a dialogue (conversation between two people) and interior monologue where the first person train of thought “over heard” by the reader (not spoken out loud or it is in a dialogue) or sometimes “over-heard” and reported by an ancient narrator, other time it occurs or a stream of consciousness – narrative voice that comprise of thoughts of the characters. Other text (intertexuality) is another source of voice in a text. In this case, the writer makes his point by referring to a text. Using Great Expectations by Charles Dickens, we identified the voices and how they effectively articulated themes and character in this text. Great expectations are a novel that tells a story of a young man named Pip who aspired to be a gentleman and win over the beautiful Estella. Charles Dickens uses the first person narrative through Pip that is to say, the user of “I” throughout the whole novel and this is expressed through focalization. Through internal focalization, we are exposed to the storyline, that is to say, Pip’s background, how he grows up, the death of his parents and brothers, the present and the future and this is all seen through what Pip says. External focalization or a source of voice is seen throughout Pip’s description of the Christmas day, how they dress (Joe, Pip and Mrs. Joe), their Sundays and the description of Miss Havisham’s house and how she is dressed. Character as a source of voice introduces us to the dialogues that Pip has with Joe where Joe explains to Pip about how good Mrs. Joe is and also gives him reasons as to why he married her and the interior monologue is expressed through Pip where we as the reader hear this thoughts. Authorial intrusion as a source of voice brings out the second person narrative on page 101. The author draws attention to the reader. “Pause you who read this, and think for a moment of the long chain of iron or gold of thorns or flowers that would never have bound you, but for the formation of the first link on one memorable day”. These voice are also effective in articulating themes. One of the themes articulated is religion and this is through focalization. We see Mrs. Joe and her family as religious: “My sister having so much to do, was going to church vicariously; that is to say, Joe and I were going.” “I am indebted for a belief I religiously entertained that they had all been born on their back ………….’ Chapter 1 page 35. We are exposed to the theme of death through focalization. First person pip tells us about the death of his father Philip Pirrip and his mother Georgina. And we also learn about the death of Pip’s brother Alexander, Bartholomew, Abraham, Tobias and Roger. And furthermore, as the book progresses, Pip’s sister Mrs. Joe also dies and this leaves Pip lonely and without a family. Below are some of the characters that portray the effectiveness of the voices in the noel. Great Expectations. Pip is the protagonist of the novel, his name ‘Pip’ signifies innocence and simplicity which contracts heavily to the man he becomes. We see him as a loving and helpful character, he intensely loves Estella. It is this love that makes him hate the poverty he has been raised in, prompting him to work hard so as to become a gentle and great man in order to win over Estella. He steals food so as to give to Magwitch much as the sister is cruel, rude and heartless. Besides her sister’s character, he still dares to steal food to give to a stranger hence portraying him or helpful. Pip is a witty character with a lot of courage. He describes characters so well that one can think he is older than all there characters and yet he is only six years old. His wit prompts him to leave for London so as to make a better living and win over Estella. Joe is yet another character who Dickens seems to link to Pip to intensify their connection and relationship. Joe is a loving, caring and generous man who loves pip unconditionally like his own son. Even when pip misbehaves, Joe still comes to his rescue when he falls sick. Joe is very conservative and loyal. He rejects the money offered by Joggers for Pip and is proud to be who he is comfortable in his skin much as he is poor. Estella is described as the beacon of light that Pip looks up to, she is like a star that is very far to reach. She is a hard hearted, cold and lofty person that comes off as uncaring since she is advised by Miss Havisham to break men’s hearts and this makes her a sad girl raised in so much wealth. We are also exposed to Miss Havisham who comes off as a vengeful person who is wealthy and loves to have things as well spreading her need for vengeance to Estella by trying to make her a heart breaker of men’s hearts. In conclusion, Bakhtin is interested in such speech phenomena as stylization, parody and dialogue and thinks that these require special treatment in the study of novels. He says that these are best expressions of the polyphony that belongs to the category of double voice discourse.

Critically, evaluate UNEB’s UCE and UACE syllabi for literature and English a) What social economic and political reasons justifies the syllabus b) If it were up to you, make a list of literary texts you would propose to be taught in Uganda secondary schools with clear justifications (4 plays) in p310/2 MUTEKANGA MEBRONE, NZANGURA IREEN, ONYANGO MAUREEN ACHIENG, NABEYA RABECCA ANDMATENDO DAMALI BYAMUKAMA

Literature in English is one of the subjects that have been at this level for as far as 1957 when high school education was introduced in the education system in Uganda the structure of the subject is inherited from the British system where it also happens to be a principal subject. In Uganda, literature in English falls in the category of art subjects. The subject comprises three genres namely prose and poetry, plays and the novel. All these three genres are compulsory for the students who offer this subject. According to Brian Mayanja the National Curriculum Development Center (NCDC) and the Uganda National Examination Board (UNEB) changed ” O” level and “A” level examinations syllabi for literature in English, which syllabi runs for five years. The” O” level literature has been running from 2011-2015 and the “A” level literature has been running from 2013-2017 and the syllabi will change again. The following are the books that were selected for advanced level literature in English P310/2(plays): the Imaginary Invalid by Moliere, A Doll’s House by Henrick Ibsen, Lwanda Magere by Okoiti Omtatah, King Lear by William Shakespeare, the Devil’s Disciple by George Bernard Shaw, the School for Scandal by R.B Sheridan, A Man For All Seasons by Robert Bolt, Echoes of silence by John Ruganda, Inheritance by David Mulwa and Aminata by Francis Imbuga Angela kyagaba, NCDCS head of secondary education asserts that the books were selected based on their moral, writing styles and availability. It was done in consultation with the teachers. She says they designed questions and sent them to different teachers asking them the type of book that they consider to be relevant to society and a panel from ministry discussed the answers and came up with the list of books above Literature is taught in line with the broad aims and objectives of secondary education which are: To instill and promote National unity and an understanding of social and civic responsibilities, strong love and care for others and respect for public property as well as an appreciation of international cooperation To promote an appreciation and understanding of the cultural heritage of Uganda including its languages To impart and promote a sense of self-discipline, ethical and spiritual values and personal collective responsibility and initiative To enable individuals to develop personal skills of problem solving, information gathering and interpretation, independent reading and writing, self-improvement through learning g and development of social, physical, and leadership skills To enable individuals acquire and develop knowledge and an understanding of the emerging needs for society and the economy Among the many plays that were selected for a level literature P310/2, we choose to use Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare, A Doll’s House by Henrick Ibsen, School for Scandal by R.B Sheridan and King Lear by William Shakespeare for our discussion Romeo and Juliet is set in Verona, Italy where there is an ongoing feud between the Montague and the capulate families. The play opens when servants from both houses engage in a street brawl that eventually draws in the family patriarchs and city official including prince Escalus. The prince ends the conflict by issuing a decree that prohibits any further fighting at a risk of great punishment. The feud causes tragic results for Romeo and Juliet, revenge, love and a secret marriage force the young star crossed lovers to grow up quickly and fate cause them to commit suicide in despair The play A Doll’s House traces the weakening of Nora Helmer from her previously unexamined life of domestic wifely comfort. Having been ruled her whole life by either her father or her husband Torvald, Nora finally comes to question the foundation of everything she has believed in once her marriage is put to test Having borrowed money from a man of ill-repute named Krogstad by forging her father’s signature, she is able to pay for a trip to Italy to save her sick husband’s life ( he was unaware of the loan believing that the money came from Nora’s father). Since then, she has to contrive ways to pay back her loan, growing particularly concerned with money and the ways of a complex world. The play School for Scandal is a comedy based on the sentimental philosophy that believes in the fundamental goodness of a man. The protagonists of the play are the members of the aristocracy except for the servants. It revolves around the activities of the Scandal School presided over by a Lady Sneerwell. The conflict between the youthful country maid Lady Teazle and the Elderly rich city man Sir Peter Teazle and the contest of the rival brothers, Sir Joseph Surface and Sir Charles Surface for the hand of Maria. A contest between the ‘natural’ man of free, generous- hearted, open desposition and the ‘artificial’ man of cool close contriving temper King Lear is a tragic play which depicts the descent into madness of the title character. The elderly King Lear is deciding to give up his power and divide his realm among his three daughters Cordelia, Regan and Goneril. He deposes of his kingdom giving bequests to two of his three daughters based on the flattery of him bringing tragic consequences for all The following are the social, economic, and political reasons that justify the above books The syllabus aimed at promoting an understanding and appreciation of the values of national unity, patriotism, and cultural heritage. In the play Romeo and Juliet, the idea of love is portrayed where despite of enemity between the Montgues and Capulates, Romeos love for Juliet is uncontrollable. The two love birds go an extra mile of engaging in a secret marriage when the members of the disputing families engage in a street brawl, the prince ends the conflict by issuing a decree that prohibits any further fighting a risk of great punishment. In School for Scandal, there is a struggle for love among the characters, the member of the scandal school struggle to destroy and sow discord in the Teazle family, Maria and Charles’ relationship. This negatively affects these relationships up to a point but their schemes are eventually exposed and love prevails in the end. The play presents the central relationship that between Lear and Cordelia as a dramatic embodiment of true self-sacrificing love rather that despising Lear for banishing her. Cordelia remains devoted even from afar and eventually brings an arm from a foreign country to rescue him from his tormentors. Therefore the two books address the issue of patriotism and unity The syllabus also helps to inculcate moral ethical and spiritual values in the individuals and to develop self-discipline, integrity, tolerance, human fellowship and respect for public property. This is evidenced in the play School for Scandals where the society is morally decayed through rumor and scandal mongering, emerging and betrayal characters in School for Scandal spread rumors about themselves and others in the society. There is a lot of gossip and backbiting. Joseph Surface also betrays Sir Peter’s trust by seducing his wife Lady Teazle. In King Lear, his daughter Goneril and Regan pretend to love their father due to greed for power and later undermined his little authority that he still holds this makes him unable to believe that his beloved daughters are betraying him It also addresses the issue of morals, the king of France, an old man, is in a relationship with Cordelia, Lear’s youngest daughter and even marries her. These books ridicule the idea of betrayal, rumormongering and cross generation marriage in a way of trying to instill morals, self-discipline among the learners The syllabus instills a sense of service duty and leadership for participation, public accountability in civil, community and national affairs through individual and collective activity. King Lear is about political authority as much as it is about family dynamics, Lear is not only a father but also a king and when he gives away his authority to unworthy and evil Goneril and Regan he delivers not only himself and his family but all of Britain into chaos and cruelty In Romeo and Juliet prince Escalus strives to create peace in Verona he ends the conflict by issuing a decree that prohibits any further fighting at a risk of a great punishments. In A Doll’s House, the idea of sacrificial role of women is addressed. Nora sacrifices for the husband Torvald by borrowing money from a man of ill- repute, kroogstad by forging her father’s signature in order to pay for a trip to Italy to save her sick husband All in all, the above social, economic, and political reasons justify the syllabus as seen b) If it were up to me to make a list of literary texts to be taught in Uganda secondary school literature paper 310/2, I would propose Redemption by David Mulwa, Black Mamba by John Ruganda, Betrayal in the city by Francis Imbuga and the Caucasian Chalk Circle by Bertolt Brecht The play Redemption revolves around church leadership. Pastor Manela has been sent by the aged one from the mother church as a replacement for pastor Mutema who has failed at the church of the old tradition in imaginary sector three. The aged one has sent him on a mission of rebuilding the church whose members have affected the splinter group and apostasy. Pastor Manela has also been directed to get to the root cause of this mass dissertation of the flock in sector three The play Caucasian Chalk Circle is based on the commonist principal, it is a play by the German modernist playwright Bertolt Brecht in his typical anti realist style, and he uses the device of a play with in a play. The play is a parable about a peasant girl who rescues a baby and becomes a better mother that it’s wealthy natural parents The play Betrayal in the City is set in a fictional country of Kafira ruled by Boss who is surrounded by sycophants like Mulili and the sharing the pie government officials Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodemo. The country is experiencing political upheavals that are a result of oppressive dictatorial government. Social evil such as corruption, nepotism, arbitrary arrests and assassinations have become common in Kafira The play Black Mamba is a play set in Kampala Uganda in 1972. The play reflects the reality of the East African social political situation after independence. It focuses on the age long human occupation and prostitution. Berewa, a house boy in the service of another professor Warx, he feels economically oppressed because his income is unable to meet his basic needs, he offers his wife Namuddu to the professor as a prostitute. Nanuddu is however irritated by the act and later reveals herself to the public to show what the professor has been practicing with the University girls We propose the above books (plays) because they justify the social, economic and the political reasons of the syllabus such as The plays above promote the understanding and appreciate of the values of national unity, patriotism and cultural heritage. This is evidenced in the play redemption which addresses the issue of hope and reconciliation where pastor manila acts as the vanguard of hope in sector three. We also see hope that is invested in young (Antoninus and Rebecca) the idea of love versus hatred where the parents preach hatred to their own children. The two children are trying to sow love the parents sow hatred but eventually the seed of love sprouts and love prevails and resolves the hatred in the play. Love is also portrayed in the play the Caucasian Chalk Circle. This seen when Grusha the governor maid love the abandoned child Michael and is ready to sacrifice for the child who is not her own. Betrayal I the city also addresses the issue of respect and values of culture. This is seen when Adka’s parents claim their right to carry on the shaving ceremony for the son despite the stumbling blocks. This satirizes Mulili who wants to defy the culture. Therefore the above plays promote natural unity, cultural heritage and patriotism as they learn the lessons of these plays. The plays inculcate moral, ethical and spiritual values in the individuals and develop self-discipline, integrity, tolerance, human fellowship, and respect for public property The play Redemption, Black Mamba and Caucasian Chalk Circle address this issue. Both redemption and Caucasian Chalk Circle satirize the religious hypocrisy and dogmatism. In the redemption people use religious as a cover, they preach about love, forgiving but show hatred. They do a lot of bad things behind the masks. Pastor Mutema’s house is hell. Religion which is preached on the pulpit is hardly practiced in this home. In the play the Caucasian Chalk Circle, the merchant’s woman’s play is full of anger and Lavrent’s family treatment of Grusha is unreligious yet the wife claims to be religious. In the play Black Mamba, it addresses the issue of sexuality immorality where the professor Coarx practices prostitution with the university girls yet it’s prohibited. Even Berewa’s offering Namuddu to the professor as a prostitute to earn a fee for their family needs. All these defy the moral, ethical and spiritual values of the society. So the book are trying to ridicule such actions and in a way help to build morals among the learners The plays also instill a sense of service duty to and leadership for participation public accountability in civic community and national affairs through individual and collective activity. This is addressed in the play redemption where pastor Mutema during his leadership in imaginary sector three of the old tradition fails to manage the church. The level of paying tithes has reduced and there are few Christians remaining in the church. This shows that his term of service in church has loop holes In Betrayal in the city, we see leaders such as Tumbo, Kabito and Nicodem who aim at feeding themselves instead of working for the good of the society. The Boss too has failed in his work. He employs Mulili on the ticket of being his cousin but he does not have any leadership skills. In a way, people are being oppressed by this leadership. Redemption also addresses the issue of parental responsibility and abuse of power. There are a lot of irresponsible parents in the play. They abuse the power given to them by God both religious and political powers are abused in the play. Pastor Mutema is very arrogant and therefore abuses the power given to him in sector three. He uses the power to chase away people from the church. In the Caucasian Chalk Circle also portrays the idea of sacrifice despite the suffering she is going through after the revolt, she sacrifices for the child Michael where she uses the remaining part of her salary to buy milk for the child. Therefore such issues justify the above selected books as they instill the aspects of leadership, and public accountability among the learners The plays also contribute to the building of an integrated and self-sustaining national economy. This is evidenced in the play Caucasian Chalk Circle where the two Kolkhoz villages (Kolkhoz Galnst and Rosa Luxemburg) are having a land dispute however the dispute is resolved and the land goes to the fruit growers who have a better plan for it. In a way, their plans help in sustaining the national economy which is a good lesson to the learners reading the play. In the play Betrayal in the City, a clear picture of what goes on in the political and economic world in the contemporary society is drawn. Issues such as corruption, nepotism, bribery, detention without trial are addressed in the books and their effects. This creates an understanding of the emerging needs of the society and the economy. In conclusion, the selected books measure up to the political, social, and economic reasons for the advanced level literature in English p310/2(plays) References 1. Sunday monitor(Sunday life magazine page 16) march 20, 2011 2. The Caucasian chalk circle, Heinman Edition, 1960,in Google books 3. www.ncdc.go.ug/index.php 4. www. Monitor, co.ug/…/-/index.html 5. John R. (1972), Black Mamba. East African Publishers, 2005 6. books. Google.com/books/about/black……….