Critically evaluate the Uganda national boards UACE and UCE literature syllabus. a) Give the social, economic and political justification of the texts on this syllabus. It were up to your which texts would you select for these syllabuses (Referring to A level literature). NAKIDDE RITAH b)

A level literature in English consists of three papers. The A level literature syllabus runs for 4 years and the current started in 2015 and it is ending in 2019. Literature paper III handles novels and on the current syllabus we have novels like Oliver Twist by Charles dickens, Houseboy by Ferdinard Oyono, darkness at Noon, Heart of the matter, Murkey River among others. The major reasons as to why literature is taught as that it must educate and as well entertain. The following are the reasons why I think the books on the syllabus are relevant. Politically, these texts expose current situations for example when looking at Charles Dickens Oliver Twist, he exposes. The issue of corruption and materialism at the main work house we see that people in power manipulate. The needy. Mrs. Mann is given money to take good care of the needy, give them food, clothing and good shelter. She claims to be helping them out all in disguise as we see the condition is actually not good. This is what happens been in our society today take an insistence of the chogm scandal where a lot of money was lost yet it was meant to help the AIDS patients. Still on then [political view, Dicken’s novel brings out he idea that those in the high position of are taken as superiors. Considering that Fagin was the leader of all thieves, eh w has the authority to allow anyone into the gang and to dismiss them. He has the right to order for anyone’s death for example we see him attempting to kill Oliver Twist and also he kills his wife Nancy. This is what happens even in our society today where we see many workers have lost their lives for opposing the ideas of those in high position. Socially, literature paper III brings out the racial segregation among people. The text House boy by Ferdinard brings out exploitation of the Blacks by the whites are exploiting black. for example Tondi is bring mistreated for example he is over worked and yet not appreciated, he is imprisoned with out trial and yet he is innocent. He is beaten to the extent that he dies. In our society today we see how European boss mistreat black workers and make them over work like slaves. Furthermore, on the social side, literature paper III shows how people relate with others in Dickens Oliver Twist we see how Oliver suffers at Sowerberry’s place. He sleeps in a room with coffins, he hardly gets enough meals. Mrs. Sowerberry and Noah Claypole mistreat him by beating him up-likewise in mistreated in homes of the rich. Economically, literature paper III captures experiences that show the economic status of society and how people struggle to man over, through such economic hard ships. For example in Oliver Twist given the economic status in London that makes people desperate booking for what to survive on renders them vulnerable and take on any activity that comes on their way. This is seen when Mr. Fagin and the Mocks resort to thefty and indulging young vulnerable children into the activity that they may earn a living. These things happen in our contemporary society where the poor have resorted to thefty especially the children on streets have resorted to stealing in order to earn a living. b) I would choose Charles Dickens Oliver twist the following are the reasons why I would choose that text; The text Olive Twist depicts lessons to the readers. It brings out situations that are our daily experiences for example it asserts a saying that suffering is not death to be true. Oliver suffers from the time of his birth when his mother dies, he has no clothing, does not feed well, he nearly dies of hunger on his way to London. Just like his name Oliver Twist indeed life Twists him but he ends up successful when he inherits his wealth from the mocks. From this one learns to be strong and persevering. Still from that text we learn to correlate and live with other people regardless of their behaviors and practices. This is depicted when Oliver Twist endures the torture and suffering when eh is living at Sowerberry’s place. It’s is not liked by Mrs. Sowerberry and Noah Claypole who abuse him by insulting h his dead mother. They connive and beat him up and also report to Mr. Sowerberry who does the same thing. From this we learn that even those who are needy should not be treated bad. The text also exposes the exploitation of vulnerable people. Oliver Twist is apprehended by Mr. Bumble to go and work at Sowerberry’s home. He is being exploited where we see him being used to take measurements for coffins when someone dies. He is taken to cry on the funeral in order to earn money for Sowerberry and he is not paid for all this. The text is humorous and so interesting to read. The description of Mrs. Mann as being so fat, tall and moves like as if he is heavy is humorous. The scene when Oliver goes to ask for more food and he is hit birth the spoon is also humorous. The description of Fagin’s death also brings out grim humorous. In conclusion, the texts in literature paper III are relevant on the syllabus as they bring out the educative as well as entertaining aspect when related to our society today.

BABIRYE CISSY

Critically evaluate the UNEB’s UCE and UACE literature in English syllabuses and; (a) Give the social, economic and political justification of the texts on these syllabuses. The following reasons below are the reasons for the social, economic and political justification of the texts on the UCE syllabuses. The texts are: Things Fall Apart, No Longer at Ease and Animal Farm. Political reasons: Students need to learn about corruption amongst their leaders but in an indirect way that is using animals and giving them human characters. It is only a literally scholar who can read these literally books and get the message of the novelist. Corruption in all its forms is exposed in these novels which helps to open the minds of these students such that they can have a different understanding of things from other people. The students need to get knowledge about dictatorship of leaders in a hidden way so by giving them these novels on their syllabuses, they make sure that they will be able to expose all forms of dictatorship from these novels. The students also get the difference between a dictator and a human oppressor. The texts are politically justified on the syllabus for the case of manipulation. The students of literature need to get the knowledge about manipulation in all its manifestations so that they can know how to deal with it. The texts are politically justified such that the students are exposed to all the ways in which the leaders in society abuse their power like in |Animal Farm when Napoleon abuses his power and he says that only pigs should eat the eggs from the hens, pigs eat the apples among others. Politically, it is believed that the 20th century marked the end of the concept of human freedom. Therefore students of literature need to know the human freedoms that were lost during that time and how they were lost. Humans lost a freedom of democracy where a leader nowadays just takes over the government in power and stays on the seat for as long as he wishes. Economic reasons: The texts in literature help to show the students that the society in which we live is gifted by different things but it is our leaders who destroy them, for example in Animal Farm, the apples that the pigs eat and the eggs from the hens that the pigs eat too. Therefore students need to know what good things their society has and probably how they can defend it. The texts are justified because they show the exploitation of the white men who came to spread the Word of God but they ended up taking our raw materials. They destroyed people’s huts and shrines which were used as houses of worship and built churches and they ended up making some natives to become squatters on their own land. The literally texts help to show the students how the western culture has buried the African culture because now Africans own each and everything individually yet back in the days everything was owned communally including the children and the decisions were made by riders in the society but now people have to be elected into power. The texts help to show the students that there is economic insecurity in their country. This is because each and everything today is solved by violence and in the texts it is clear for example in Animal Farm, Napoleon killed other animals and he ruled them due to economic and political insecurity. Social reasons: Socially, the texts are justified on the UCE syllabuses due to the following reasons: The texts help to show the students how the Africans have decided to break up with each other. Before the coming of the white man, people stayed together and they owned property communally but now there is construction of perimeter walls to provide security. The texts also help to show the hypocrisy of the people for example government inspector when the government officials were not sure of who exactly was sent as the government inspector and they ended up mistaking another person because they knew that they were doing something wrong to other people. (b) If it were up to you, which texts would you select for these syllabuses? UCE syllabuses Things fall Apart - Chinua Achebe Animal farm - George Oswell Black Mamba - Nadifa Mohammed

Critically evaluate the UNEB, UCE UACE Literature in English syllabus 1) Give the social economic and political justification of the texts on this syllabus 2) If it were you which texts will you select for this syllabus. Paper two (plays) WANYAMA BERNARD .M NABUKENYA QUDRA GWOKYALYA HASAFAH

One of the texts we selected is Adoll’s House it’s a realistic play which strives to poetry life accurately and shuns idealized visions. Ibsen employs the themes and structure of classical tragedy about everyday unexceptional people the play also manifests Ibsen’s concern for women’s rights in general. It opens on charismas eve. Nora enters her well furnished living room the setting of the entire play carrying several packages. Torvald helmer, Nora’s husband comes out of his study when he hears her arrival. he greets him playfully and affectionately ,but chides her for spending too much money on charismas gifts. When the play progress we see that characters change for example Nora after realizing the sickness of her husband she leaves and almost everything changes Inbsen stress anew beginning reform and self realization. He wants to change and reform the women’s position; he desires to fight for the education of women. An true system of marriage, heredity, platonic love, motherhood and positions of women in family and society are the repeated themes. Due to some reasons Nora no longer wants to stay in her a doll’s house any longer, no more emotions and sacrifice work here. She refuses to submit to her husband anymore and wants to face the world on her own. According to the male dominated society Nora has done an unthinkable action as a middle class woman in an ordinary circumstances .but to the female one, she wants to prove herself as an independent human being and is continuing to struggle for the self realization of her true self. Before Nora, no woman had taken such courageous action. This teaches students to be courageous and never turn back to their past. The point that Ibsen has followed is that this kind of society cannot satisfy the natural needs of a woman for freedom and this idea forms the background to his criticism of the contepory life or society. He believes that there is a contradiction between the official and the private life of an individual. He tries to suggest that this ideas commentator on the contemporary life. In his point of view the individuals is sustaining element in the society. Hence his status in the family stands as an illustration of his position in the whole society. The power structures within the domestic home reflect the hierarchical power structures which prevail in the outside world. In this way he is able to embody contemporary social problems through the media of women. Economically, Ibsen indicates a family which is financially stable. Well presented as “well of family’ Ibsen uses Torvald to show how economic the family is. That is to say Torvald chastise Nora of spending too much money on shopping for charismas. He counts out each bill, as if bestowing a great favor. at least outwardly Nora is reliant o her husband for money. Some of Torvald’s pet names for his wife allude to her inability to save money .he calls her, again and again “a spendthrift” and depending on the translation “my little money bag” when he asks Nora for money as charismas present, he smiles at her indulgently . According to Torvald, Nora spends a lot of money just like her father In the adoll’s House paints bleak picture of the sacrificial role held by women of all economic classes in the society ,the plays female character exemplify Nora’s assercetion that even though men refuse to sacrifice their integrity that hundreds and thousands have in order to support her mother and brothers ,Mrs. Linda found it necessary to abandon Krogstad her true but penniless love and marry a richer man. The nanny had to abandon her own child to support herself by working as Nora’s care taker. As she tells Nora, Nanny considers herself lucky to have found the job since she was a poor girl who would be led astray. Though Nora is economically advantaged in comparison to women or female characters in the play, she leads a difficult life because the society dictates that Torvald be the marriage’s dominant partner. Nora’s abandonment of her children can also be seen or interpreted as an act of self sacrifice. Despite Nora’s love for her children manifested by her interaction and great fear of corrupting them she chooses to leave them with Nanny whom she thinks can be the best mother for children. It is through this theme of motherhood that we learn to appreciate the sacrificial role of women. Besides appreciating, the students learn that they have to work hard to earn a living for their families and not to depend on their husbands for even the small items like basic needs. As Nora reveals to Mrs. linde, she faced amoral crisis at the beginning of her marriage .unable to procure, legal manner, the funds needed to save her husband’s life, she resorts to forging her father’s name asguarator to the loan. She places her love concern for her husband’s well being above the law. Since she diligently works to pay back the loan, the offense doesn’t seem so severe; it is a crime in definition only. In a higher sense, Nora has not acted in an immoral manner. However, those who are there to societal standards like her husband ultimately have different values. Torvald values social responsibility and honor above all else including actions done out of love; Nora values love over social honor. Consequently a conflict emerges regarding their priotization of values. Practicability is a social justification of the play A DOLL’S HOUSE, from this text we see Nora as a practical person in that she does not let her husband die, she borrows money just to save his life even if society condemns a woman borrowing money. She looks at the bigger picture where she opts to save life other than losing a life or rather her husband instead of preserving societal norms(the smaller picture) therefore one is encouraged to be practical rather than rigid and illogic. The marriage that IBSEN presents is oppressive to one of the participants. The doll metaphor is an indication of a situation that is intolerable to a human being one does better in classifying IBSEN as an advocate of human rights. Nora is not an object yet she has felt like one her whole life. Ibsen does not absolve Nora from the duties of motherhood. Rather, he shoes that in order for Nora (or a woman like Nora) to become a truly successful mother; she must first follow her heart and learn what it is like to be an individual instead of a doll or a toy. The play encourages women emancipation and this is justice enough for it to be on the syllabus because we need to encourage, uplift and empower the girl child who is also part of the learners. Evidence is in the emancipation Nora earns herself after realizing and refusing to be trumped over more so by men i.e. her father and husband. At the end of the play she stands up for herself and even decides to go discover herself and become a better woman that be can stand on her own. Parenthood has been a kind of adult hood in literature for many years. As dramas announces and as Nora confirms in the last act, marriage and marriage have been for her kind of existence in a doll’s House in which she has played with her children, with helmer and even her father before her marriage. This theme of parenthood teaches students to learn responsibilities when they grow up. Hence this book should be on the syllabus because it addresses the economic social and political issues. Other plays I wound recommend on the UACE include aminater.it also addresses social, economic and political issues in the society.forexample in this play the major aspect is focused on women emicipatation. The liberty of women in the society and mostly we look at the tradition against the modern way of living. In the tradition way women were not allowed to go school and only had to be submissive to their men. This contradicts with the play; the girl goes to school and she succeeds compared to his brother who becomes nuisances in the public.

NANDALA SHARON

MAKERERE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT OF LITERATURE LIT3101: PRACTICAL CRITICISM STUDENT’S NAME: REGISTRATION NO. TUTOR: ASSIGNMENT: NANDALA SHARON JOYCE 13/U/11442/EVE E.N Critically evaluate the Uganda National Examination Board’s UCE and UACE literature syllabuses; a) Give the social, economic and political justification of the text on the paper 3 syllabus. b) If it were up to you, which text would you select for the paper 3 syllabus? Literature is an optional principle subject offered at the advanced level of education in Uganda. It is commonly referred to as the Uganda Advanced Certificate of Education also known as UACE. According to NCDC, it comprises of 3 papers or units in accordance to its genres for example; we have prose and poetry referred to as paper 1, drama involving of plays as paper 2 and novels as paper 3 which involves basically narrative texts. The papers are compulsory to students that decide to take on this subject at this level. Being assigned paper 3, I can say NCDC has worked hand in hand with the UNEB to put up a favorable syllabus for this particular paper. The syllabus consists of texts like Oliver twist by Charles Dickens, Houseboy by Fedinard Oyono, Carcase by Mwanji, The Alien Woman and many more. Personally, I would choose to talk about Oliver Twist which is on the syllabus; it is a novel by Charles Dickens a social critique. Briefly, it is a life line thread of Oliver’s life from rags to riches as I may term it. Oliver witnesses a lot of ups and downs all through his developing life. He passes though hands of many characters including; Mr. bumble, Mr. Sowerberry, Fagin, Brownlow, Nancy, Mrs. Mylie, Jack Dawkins to mention but a few and only few of them are good to him. Socially, this book brings out various issues which include; class differences that we all know about and perhaps the behavior of the classes. We see how Oliver is tossed around and treated by the different people according to their status.it also talks about issues that place in society for example, poverty, illiteracy, and all sorts of social problems. Economically, it depicts on how different character utilize their wealth and also how they accumulate it. Characters like Fagin have a different perception of attaining money while people like Brownlow also have different ways of attaining wealth. The way Oliver encounters and utilizes money is totally different. According to the performative text approach, basically I can say the texts communicates to the society for example, it impacts society with knowledge of how orphans can be taken care of, how poverty can be prevented, and it also shows how social class can be a problem to society. Politically, Dickens doesn’t really exhaust much and that is where I can put my stand; If given a chance to contribute to the syllabus, I would include lord of the flies. This is a diverse novel by William Golding. In brief, it’s about a group of schoolboys from Britain that are involved in a plane accident and end up at a deserted tropical island, the boys form two groups and first led by ralph the good character and later by two different leaders but each leading a different group. It goes on well at first but things don’t get along as the story line proceeds. Ralph and Jack are at the midst of the whole situation because they are the leaders and their disagreements spark off the fighting. It happens in phrases which Golding presents through placing each per chapter respectively until they are rescued from the evil surrounding them. In terms of justification, socially, it elaborates more on human nature which Charles Dickens doesn’t exhaust so well. William Golding is trying to show us that evil is inborn in human beings because these boys are young, and no one has taught them how to hate or fight each other. However, they do it as though they were experts most especially Jack and his group. Socially still, Golding brings out the aspect of working for the well-being of the entire society but not individual. For instance; when Ralph and his friend built the huts for the other boys although they did not help them. More on this, how to live together in harmony and with love for one another however much they may be your enemies because at one time you will need them. Economically, Golding brings out the aspect of creativity and accountability. This is symbolized by the way these boys try to survive at the island even without normal food. They utilize the fruits and hunted animals to keep their life moving on. The fires they light, the glasses that make the fire and the conch that symbolizes authority are all innovated ideas by the boys. Therefore, for an A level student who is yet to go out to the world, this is for them. Perlocutionally, it impacts their thinking capacity and encourages them to be creative at all times which boosts economic development to the individual and nation at large. Golding’s novel is rich in political terms because it digs out politics to its deepest. For example he uses the conch to symbolize authority and leadership. At first he puts everything on neutral grounds, the boys are at peace however Jack ruins everything as he is greedy for power and he decides to become Ralph’s rival. We all look at ralph because he is the good leader, he listens to everybody and always finds solutions to the boys’ problems whenever he is approached. He still exposes us to political procedures and things that take place during the leadership period. For example, he includes procedures like voting, campaigning and having competitors which happen the same way in the society. There are activities that symbolize leadership like the meetings they chair, the assemblies they call for and allocation of work and resources as well. With all these, I think it is worth including since Dickens doesn’t exhaust it all. There is an experience of death within the novel but it is all because of political hatred. It again brings out the aspect of struggle for power which also happens in today’s societies. Ralph and jack want the power and they all feel the potential. This also shows us that the ruling nature or character is to some extent in born because no one gave these boys the idea of leading the other boys. However they invent it by themselves and tried hard to respect it because they assumed that leaders were superior and that they are not at the same level with everyone and that’s why the conch is used. With this idea that Golding brings out, these literature students are able to learn the good aspects of leadership for example; a leader is to guide not to mislead, is to be approached but not feared, a leader is to love not to hate, friendly and not harsh. However, they can also learn that for a successful leader to achieve, he or she must respect and love each individual equally and also cooperation among leaders themselves is crucial. In conclusion, I would like to say that; if given a chance, I would include lord of the flies to be part of the novels on the syllabus because it exhausts all concerns of living. It brings out human aspects and also shows the total utilization of environment resources which can be grounds of innovation. REFERENCES: 1) Dellinger,A.(2005).Validityandthereviewofliterature.Researchintheschools: 12(2) 2) Cooper, H. (1998). Synthesizing Research: A guide for literature reviews.

Using a literary text studied on any third year literature courses, identify and discuss the various voices the respective authors employ, how effective are these voices in the articulation of the themes and characters of the respective texts. ASHABA MERCY, NAMBALIRWA ELIZABETH, OBUA JUDITH AND NALUSWA MOHAMMED

In literature, polyphony is a feature of narrative which includes a diversity of point of view and voices. The concept was introduced by Mikhail Bakhtin using a metaphor based on the musical term polyphony. Bahtin’s theory mentions polyphony as dialogism. He argues that polyphony is basically “a new theory of authorial point of view” polyphony literally means “multi voicedness” polyphony arises infliction when the special position of the author allows great freedom of interaction to the character. The characters in a polyphonic novel are allowed maximum freedom so that they can argue with each other and even with their author. That is in polyphonic novels different centers of consciousness are allowed to interact on the plane of the novel. According to David Lodge, a polyphonic novel is “a novel” in which a variety of conflicting ideological positions are given a voice and set a placed and judged by an authoritative authorical voice. The multi voiced nature of fiction allows different ideological perspectives to enter the novel. ºBakhtin’s interested in such speech phenomena as stylization, parody and dialogue and thinks these phenomena require special treatment in the study of novels. The phenomena according to him are the best expressions of dialogicality/ polyphony belong to the category of double voiced discourse. We used the literary text, song of Lawino by Okot P’ Bitek to bring out the different voices and how effective they are in the articulation of the themes and characterization. One of the major themes in Okot P’ Bitek’s song of Lawino is that tradition versus modernization. Okot’s song of lawino is multi voiced and in this we see two major characters Lawino and Ocol. Ocol has a derogatory view of Africans and their culture believing that it holds back the people. Lawino is also another mind set and tries to show Ocol all that is good in their culture. The two clash literally, physically and philosophically to present the theme. Okot uses his mouth pieces Lawino a female protagonist a rural un Westernized , traditional woman married to Ocol, An African who has received western education influenced by western education, Ocol abandons his rural wife Lawino consequently Lawino addresses her husband in an attempt to reason with him. From the beginning of the poem, the tone is sharpened Lawino dresses the husband directly in the second person and the same time speaks in manner which reduces him to a level of a fool. In chapter twelve Lawino lampoons Ocol by telling him directly how stupid he is to ape and be subservient to whit people Lawino pleads with her husband but in a manner that ridicules him. This brings out the character of Lawino to be loving, caring but abusive. Okot uses the voice of Lawino to bring out the theme of love as developed by Lawino. She cherished the husband and tries to bring him back to his sense. Okot uses statistical monologues in his poem.  There are different types of voices as shown below that apply in literary texts. Epistolary voice – makes use of letters and documents to convey the message and reveal the story. It may use multiple person’s voice or there cud be no narrate at all, e.g. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, she uses a sequence letters to express the voice of the narrator. 5. Third person subjective voice. A narrator describes feelings, thoughts and opinions of one or more characters. For examples Herper lee’s to kill a mocking bird is a good e.g. where the character narrates the whole story. (White Teeth) ➢ First person narrative is used to create a realistic sense, (3) Unrealizable voice ➢ Writer tries to deceive the readers. As the stay proceeds, readers are able to notice that the voice is unusual. Character directly talks to the readers showing highly exaggerated style. Format through narrators/ authors tell their story. It is the author’s way of writing/ point of view. 1. Author’s voice (particular style) 2. Character’s voice (voice of the main character, how he views the world. Examples of voices Stream of consciousness voice ➢ Narratives voice that comprises of thoughts process of the characters’. 2. Character voice. To and never publish anything under their own name. Narration; narrate the story without showing the character’s feelings and thoughts and gives unbiased and objectives point of view. Polyphony- voices in a literacy text, meaning of a literacy based on the voices. 1. Stream of consciousness voice. Thought process of the character’s 2. Character voice- character narratives the story. Also first person narrative. Okot uses Lawino to bring out the theme of tradition us modernization in that we see the way the two characters think and perceive each others culture for example Lawino through the stream of consciousness voice perceives the while people’s culture is strange and actually goes on ahead to pity her husband ……….. “I do not understand the ways of the foreigners. Lawino defends her Acoli tradition while Ocol on the other hand despises Lawino and her “backwardness”, he believes the ways, and of the Acoli is Savage, primitive. “Black people’s food is primitive…. Black people’s food is dirty” So stream of consciousness voice brings out the theme of tradition us modernization through their thoughts we see how the two characters think about the life style of the other. It also brings out the theme of the loss of culture at the expense of progress. This is seen through character voice, we see how the character Ocol despises the Acoli tradition he is willing to lose his culture at the expense of living like a white man we see this first of all from the way Ocol speaks about the Acoli African tradition. “Black people’s food is primitive” This clearly shows that Ocol is not interested in his own culture to a point of calling his traditional food primitive. He prefers to calling to the white man’s ways. He does not care about losing his cultural. Also through Lawino’s voice, we use theme of cultural loss being portrayed. Lawino through her lamination clearly shows us that Ocol, her husband is so taken up by the Western culture that he wants nothing to do with the tradition of the Acoli. “My husband is angry because he says I can’t keep time. And donot know how to count the years” Ocol doesn’t chat with me… He says he has no time” (7) My husband says I’m useless because I waste time… Thus through the character voices of these character’s, we see that the theme of loss of culture is portrayed through both Lawino and Ocol’s perspective. Another theme is the theme of impact of colonial education on African societies. This theme is portrayed through the character voice, first person narrative, that is to say, we can clearly see the impact of colonial education on African and one of the victims is Ocol. Ocol is a clear example, because he has been badly affected while Lawino hasn’t been affected by this impact. Therefore, we look at the impact in positive and negative way; Ocol has been affected by this impact of colonial education negatively because he no longer sees value in his tradition in what he really (5). He prefers to be someone he’s not (Western) and has completely deserted his culture. For example he prefers to eat the Whiteman’s food, dress, like them dance like them and insults, Lawino because she doesn’t follow in his footsteps. “My husband looks down upon me… chapter 8” “He says he is ashamed of me” “Ocol laughs at me because/ can’t cross myself properly” Ocol insult Lawino in this chapter simply because she cannot make the sign of the cross and doesn’t have a Christian name, he calls her “Jok” Therefore we see that the impact of colonial education on Ocol is negative. However on the other hand, the impact on Lawino is totally different, she unlike her husband treasures and strongly approves of her culture. She sticks to her ways and even after being insulted by her husband, she still sticks to her culture and tradition. The impact doesn’t move her though at one point she confesses she gets a little jealous of Clementine or the white people. In chapter 2. She says “She resembles a wild cat…… And it looks so pale” “The smell of carbolic soap makes me sick” This shows how Lawino is not like her husband. She goes on to praise her culture and the black to Acoli woman in her, she is proud of her culture. “I don’t deny I’m a little Jealous. It is not good lying” “: a black woman’s hair is thick and curly” (chapter 5) We can also look at this theme in a different point of view. The impact of colonial education on African societies has also affected Lawino in that she represents woman whose husbands have fallen prey to the western ways. That is to say she suffers because of Ocol. He insults her, calls her names live “Jok” pagan etc so much as Lawino still sticks to the Acoli customs. This impact has negative side on her. “Ocol says I look extremely ugly when I’m fully advanced for the dances.” (Chapter 4). In song of Lawino, Okot foregrounds a black female speaker whose pride in the traditional Acoli ways of life inspires her to criticize a husband who has become a product of colonial attitudes. This post colonial text advocate’s pre- colonial society through the voice of Lawino who takes prides in her black identity. Okot P’ Bitek lamely shows his own attitudes towards black feminine difference in song of Lawino. Song of Lawino is based on a real social problem experienced in many rural places in East Africa. Initially in East Africa men received education up to higher levels than women. Some even went abroad for future studies leaving their rural wives in villages. The result was that there was an often trouble when a husband with all his western ideals returned to live with his wife who remained entrenched in African values. Such marriages sometimes dissolved especially if the husband behaved like Ocol and had contempt for all the African ways of life held by the wife and family. Okot utilizes the dramatic impact of such a common domestic problem to express his points about the future of Africa.   REFERENCES 1. THE IMAGE OF THE WOMAN IN OKOT P’BITEK’S SONG OF LAWINO WWW.MEMOIREON.COM 2. WWW.BOOKRAGS.COM THEMES IN SONG OF LAWINO 3. 5144 BANKS II PROOF CHAPTER 5 4. THOUGHT AND TECHNIQUE IN THE POETRY OF OKOT P’BITEK BY MONICA NALYAKA WANAMBISI. 5. WWW.AMAZON.COM 6. WWW.PUBLISHINGCRAWL.COM

UNKNOWN GROUP MEMBERS

The linguistic structural approach is an approach to practical criticism based on the understanding that language is a raw material and a medium of expression. The major assumption of this approach is that a literally text is made of words and uses words to communicate its meaning. According to John M, Moyer and Alene, 2014, Social dynamics can refer to the behavior of groups that results from the interactions of individual group members. It is concerned with changes over time and emphasizes the role of feedback. It focuses on individual level behavior and recognizes the importance of heterogeneity across individuals; that is behavior changes over time. Language is dynamic and therefore it changes in terms of the meaning of words in that some words no longer mean what they used to mean. The language historian Anne Curzan takes a closer look at these phenomenon and shares some words that used to mean something totally different from what they mean now. Such words include, “fantastic” which used to mean something that exists in one’s imagination but now it means something that it is very incredible, “unique” which used to mean something silly and foolish now means something very unusual, “spinster” which used to mean women who spun now means an unmarried woman and “gay” which used to mean happy now means a homosexual. However according to the question, handling social dynamics is much more related to the author’s use of language to create meaning. Author play with words and change their meaning to give a clear understanding of the text to the reader. Social dynamics is also related to pragmatics and semantics which deal with the contextual meaning of words and the meaning of words in a language respectively. As per the question, we chose to use Chinua Achebe’s “Arrow of God” page 100 because the author chooses to play with words depending on the context to bring the meaning of the text near to the reader. For instance the author uses the word “cooking” through Akuebue who says, “You forget that a woman who began cooking before another must have broken utensils” By “cooking” in the above sentence Chinua Achebe does not mean the real act of preparing food but rather having had sexual encounters. This implies that language is open ended because the word “cooking” is not only limited to preparing food but can be socially used in deferent ways depending on the context. Still in the above sentence, the words “broken utensils” do not mean the written materials. It rather means widened private parts because of experience in sexual affairs. This also indicates that language changes in time and therefore not static. The author also uses the words “palm wine” through the same character Akuebue who says, “…, those who give good advice and those who only speak the words of palm wine.” In this case, “palm wine” is used to mean atrocity or irritation. This language change through change of meaning of words shows that language is dynamic. Last but not least Chinua Achebe through Akuebue in the last paragraph of chapter nine says, “That’s why we say that whatever tune you play in the compound of a great man, there is always someone to dance to it.” By “tune” Akuebue means any activity taking place in a compound of a great man but not the series of musical tone that are sung or played. And by “dance” he means doing or taking part in the activities that take place in a great man’s compound. REFERENCES; John .M. Moyer and Alene (2014), Trends in Applied Linguistics: Social Dynamics in Second Language Accent, Columbia University Press, page 10. Chinua Achebe (1964), Arrow of God, Heinemann Educational Books (Nigeria) limited. The Text, page 100. Anne Curzan (2012) How English Works: A Linguistic Introduction. Pearson Longman 3rd Edition, University of Michigan

Select a one page extract from any literary text and analyse it using the linguistic structural approach. NANTONGO JULIET, NAGGAYI AISHA, NAKAYIMA SUSAN RUTH, NASASIRA ENID AND WENWA JOSEPH KEVIN

The structural linguistic approach is an approach to linguistics originating from the work of Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure. He stressed the idea of examining language as a static system of interconnected units (De Saussure, 1916). By units, De Saussure refers to words which are focal points and the structure of language is analyzed by looking at words from the perspectives which are; a) their parts should be meaningful. b) their sounds of syllabus that make them up. c) The principle that organize them into phases and sentences and d) the semantic relationships that link them in sets (Singh, 2005). In particular, syntax, which is the structure to words, phrases clauses and sentence is one of the structural linguistic approach. Syntactic choice in literacy texts are thematized and therefore participate centrally in articulating a literacy text’s defining metaphysical, psychological and historical commitments as illustrated in “Song of Chickens” by Jack Mapanje.“Beyond Decoration” by P.J Kavanagh (1979), “Tired” by Opal Palmer Adisa (2009), “Beasts of No Nation” by Uzodinma Iweala (2005) and “Betrayal in the City” by Francis Imbuga. The poem “Song of Chickens” by Jack Mapanje (2004) is about a man who had authority over the people he lived with and in return respected him a lot but with time, he changes in his behavior treating them with contempt. The use of declarative statements as an aspect of syntax is employed by Mapanje in the poem and it’s these stated facts such as’ “master, you talked with bows, arrows and catapults once” and “to protect your chicken” which helps a reader derive meaning like main ideas of betrayal for this matter. In addition, interrogative statements are also employed by the writer to help his readers understand the meaning of the poem. We get to find out that there is hypocrisy and violence as themes, he uses questions that is, ‘why do you talk with knives now, you hands teaming with eggshells and hot blood from your own chicken? Is it to impress your visitors?” in stanza two and these seek for information and show uncertainty thus drawing the reader to realize that there is violence, hypocrisy, oppression among others as main ideas in the poem. Furthermore, in line three and four of stanza two, ‘your hands teaming with egg shells and hot blood from your own chicken?’ “arise lines have a possessive pronoun ”your” which confirms possession but the actions done by this person helps the reader understand that there is exploitation and hypocrisy as these are his own people. The poem ‘beyond Decoration by P.J Kavanagh (1979) is about a memory of the hard time the person went through when he lost a loved one. Kavanagh uses the following syntactic devices to expound on his memories as analysed below, Syntactic deviation is used where there is changes in the ideal word order and omission of words required by grammar. For example “Go out I cannot” to convey the inability to go out. Therefore Kavanagh does not rely on merely stating a prosaic’ I cannot go out’. Rather he shifts the syntax and says, ‘Go out, I cannot’ which lays a much stronger emphasis on the inability to go out conveyed by the word “cannot”. Syntax is used in unexpected and deviant ways to highlight the concerns of the poet and this is qualified as poetic license. Excess of patterning where repeated sound patterns and syntactic parallelism are applied to express rhythm and contrast in the poem. Jackobson’s project principle (1987) treats poetic syntax primarily as an instrument of parallelism and therefore of textual divisioning and semantic coupling. Kavanagh highlights his trivia using parallelism for example ‘but am stalled, and sad is not the word”. The end rhyme is applied to show co-ordination in his state of mind where he is in a standstill but, ironically he is not sad about the situation. The use of alliterative phrases like “rented room” locks the person into a helpless moment, until the relief of what is not exactly salvation but-again, ‘plainly shown a moment of grace in the wake of loss. (The one I wanted there was dead’). The poem “Tired” by Opal Palmer Adisa is basically a long poem without punctuation this therefore illustrates the daily routine the woman goes through from the time she wakes up, taking her children to school, going to work and other various activities. The poem has simple declarative sentences for example, “I go to bed” this sentence has a subject ‘I’, a verb ‘Go’ and an object ‘Bed’. Therefore this sentence illustrates how a woman is tried. A sentence has to have a subject, a verb and an object to make meaning. It also has compound sentences composed of atleast two clauses or sentences joined together by a conjunction, that is to say words like: and, but, for, or, so. For example i. Tied is the real name for working mother (last lines) ii. I tell you I am sick and tired… Therefore compound sentences in this poem illustrate that the speaker does more than one action, she does a lot of work and activities at the same time. There are also intransitive verbs. Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not require an object after it, it can therefore stand on it’s own to make meaning for example “I am tired”. In this sentence we definitely know the state of mind the speaker is in, she is tormented and frustrated of the daily routine and activities which leave her without a peace of mind. There are also modifiers in the poem. A modifier is a word that provide you with more information about a word or a noun is a sentence. They can be adjectives, adverbs or phases for example. i) I go bed very tired (The sentence is analyzed below with a syntactic tree) The sentences, ‘I go to be very tired’ has an adverb “very” and an adjective ‘Tired’ as modifiers of the whole sentences. This gives the exactness and accuracy of the information in the poem. The parallel structure of the poem expresses the same sentiment of the speaker being tired and exhausted physiologically in the brain and the body without even anyone to help or complain to because everyone is TIRED of hearing her say shes tired. In the play we are introduced to a character Mulili, a distant character of Boss. Mulili is an arrogant, selfish and illiterate person. In analysizing the syntax of Mulili’s languages and sentences, we choose one of his phrases when talking to Boss about Kabito; he tells him that Kabito is :) “A green grass in the green snake’’. The sentence is syntactically correct but semantically wrong because it does not bring out the sentence meaning. In other word Francis Imbuga used Mulili with his poor grammar and English to show the readers how illiterate he is and the incompetence of the Kafira government because people who are not educated enough and lack skills are put in higher places because they are brother’s and cousins of those who are in power, therefore he effectively brought out the nepotism and the corruption in the government using Mulili. Uzodinma Iweala’s “Beasts of No Naton” is a drama based on experience of a young boy Agu who is forced to join a group of soldiers in an unnamed West African country. Beasts of No Naton is about a young boy’s world which is suddenly transformed when the flames of war soon erupt at his doorstep forcing him to separate from his mother and sister. The Syntax used in the novel follows certain rules to make sense. For example page one of the novel, Agu opens with saying certain sentence structures which depict his age and language content. He says, “Iam feeling itch like insect is crawing on my skins”, “I am hearing so many thing”, just touching my body like knife. The syntax that Iweala uses intends to bring out the character analysis in the novel, characters like Agu, striker who are all young children. Their grammar is not so proper because they are still children. B.F Skinner says that the more a child makes an utterance the easier it becomes for a child to acquire that language. This implies that the more Agu and striker utter out some words, the more they get more acquitted with them. The unconventional diction and syntax used through the novel contributes to the experiences in the novel. For example “I am thinking, if I am killing killing, then I am going to hell….’’ The brutal tale of experiences of Agu, therefore, the novel is written in a highly stylized prose meant to mimic the syntax of several African languages as well as the mindset of a confused child having to deal with concepts of death and being forced to do evil things to survive. In conclusion, Cureton Richard highlights the importance of sensitization, sound, intonation, archetypal imagery, visual form, metor and rhythm in analyzing syntax of a literature text. REFERENCES Adisa Opal. P. (2009), “TIRED”. Cureton, R. D. (1997) ‘Linguistics, stylistics, and poetics’ Languages and literature 22. Ferdinand de Sausure (1916), Course in General Linguistics, Open Courthouse. Imbuga .F. (1976), Betrayal in the city, Jakobson, R. (1987) Languages in Literature Ed Kiystna Pomoiska and Stephen Rudy. Cambridge, Mass; Harvard up. Kavanagh, P.J (1990) ‘Beyond Decoration’ introduced by Micheal caines, The Times, Literary supplement limited, London, England. Mapanje. J (2004), Song of Chicken, 2004, The last of the sweet Bananas; New and selected poems (Bloodaxe Books in association with the Words worth Trust.) Uzodinma. I. (2005) Beast of No Nation, Harper perennial, United states