Using a literary text studied on any third year literature courses, identify and discuss the various voices the respective authors employ. How effective are these voices in the articulation of the themes and characters. AYIGI MARIAM ADONG HARRIET SHEILLAH MIREMBE AIDAH KALORE DOREEN

Literary polyphony refers not literary to a number of voices but to the collective quality of an individual utterance; that is, the capacity of my utterance to embody someone’s utterance even while its mine which thereby creates a dialogic relationship between the voices. Bakhtin described a polyphonic novel as one in which many different voices can be heard and each voice represents a different view of the truth. He further maintains that polyphony is inherent in all words or forms: “Each word tastes of the context and contexts in which it has lived its socially charged life, all words and forms are populated by intentions. There are various sources of voices which include; the author in form of authorial intrusion, focalization which is who tells the story for instance is it first person, second, third or omniscient person limited, the characters through dialogue and interior monologues and lastly intertextuality through allusion allegory and others. The above sources of voices are going to be exemplified using Fyodor’s novel “crime and punishment” which Bakhtin had read as containing many different voices, unmerged into a single perspective and not subordinated to the voice of the author. Each of those voices has its own perspective, its own validity and its own narrative weight in the novel. The text appears as an interaction of distinct perspectives or ideologies, borne by the different characters, the characters are able to speak for themselves, even against the author hence the role of the author is fundamentally changed because the author can nolonger monopolise the ‘power to mean! Intertextuality is one of the voices that Fyodor uses in “Crime and punishment” and this is majorly through biblical allusion. This is seen in the episode where Raskolnikov or the protagonist of the novel requests Sonia to read for him that part in the new testament that talks about the resurrection of Lazarus of Bethany. This episode after Sonia had read it captures the nihilistic individualism embodied by Raskolnikov and at the end we see redemption, resurrection and Penitence of a soul persecuted by remorse after the crime. This is because at the end of it all he confesses his crime to Sonia and embraces suffering as part of his healing by giving up himself to the police. There’s also historical allusion which is mostly seen through Raskolnikov’s theory of the ordinary and extra ordinary. He purely kills the old woman money lender because he thought himself to be like extraordinary like Napoleon who had shed lots of bloody and walked away by conscience and not by law. He compares himself to most of the historical powerful leaders who had killed for the benefit of others. This brings about theme of suffering criminality and guilty conscience. Raskolnikov is therefore seen as ruthless, irrational and a sadist. Focalization entails the person that sees and tells the story, that is to say, first person, second or third person narrator. Bakhtin views focalization in three levels for example; who is the narrator? Can he or she read the minds of his characters? And most importantly, can we trust him or her? He also divides focalization into external where the narrator does not give his or her own opinion in the novel but rather stands aside and narrates the story (omniscient narrator), internal focalization which involves authorial voice in the text (authorial intrusion). The story in the novel “Crime and punishment” is told by an omniscient narrator who is an all knowing person that among all characters in the novel mainly focuses on Raskolnikov’s state of mind, chronicles of his inner life as he battles through the forces of self acceptance and redemption. The author does not directly give his own opinion or comments in the text but rather describes actions, thoughts, decisions and allows characters to shock and subvert. At the very beginning of the novel, the author describes Raskolnikov’s disturbing thoughts as he moves from his flat to the streets. He thinks of the best route to use for fear of meeting the landlady because he has taken a couple of months without paying rent and has no money. Outside the flat he keeps dodging people as he moves because he is wearing rage thus portraying the theme of poverty. The omniscient narrative here gives us a clear image of the character we are dealing with through description of his movements, actions and thoughts that’s to say he is an introvert and irrational person which he carries on throughout of the novel. His personality is presented to as even before he speaks which enhances the plot, for before characters speak out we get to know who they are, what they can do and our expectations of their actions for instance, Raskolnikov’s thoughts and plot of killing the pawn broker to get her wealth and distribute it among the poor is captured in the author’s narrative. In “Crime and punishment”, instead of a single objective world held together by the authors voice, there is a plurality of consciousness, each with its own world. The author’s omniscient narrative portrays themes such as suffering and criminality when he narrates the reactions of characters like Svidrigailov and Luzhin whose state of guilt is described even before they are pushed into dialogue with other characters. In the novel Luzhin’s thoughts of marrying a desperate, submissive girl from a very low background and Svidrigailov’s intentions of proposing to Dunya after killing the wife are revealed. This reveals to their character traits for instance Luzhin is selfish, malicious and inconsiderate. Raskolnikov foresees this and stops the sister from consenting to such a marriage. Raskolnikov’s journey of self acceptance and redemption is clearly brought out in such a way that appears like the author uses a camera to focus on him throughout the novel. He does not give any comment in the book but presents the character for our own judgment. The omniscient narrator does not only talk about the characters but also the environment in which they operate to bring out their traits, that is to say, Raskolnikov’s stages of redemption are well presented from his flat (room) to the prison and how each contributes to his reconciliation with his unworthiness thus redemption. Each location is significant, somewhere along the street, he helps Marmeladov after the accident, helps children from a fire yet he kills the pawn broker in her flat, refutes people’s company by driving people out of his room among others. This portrays his two sided nature that’s to say he is kind, generous and at the same time cruel, irrational, hence bringing out the fact that no human being is perfect all through. Character is one of the tools used as a voice especially in dialogue and internal monologue to bring out the author’s intention, themes in this case. Most important to note is that voice is produced out of breath and breath is what makes a potential character. A character can be known either in dialogue; what people say about them or through monologues – what one says about himself / herself or just what they do (actions) or in their stream of consciousness. In crime and punishment, the protagonist Raskolnikov is unpredictable; at times moody, Mrs. Raskolnikov who is the mum to the protagonist and Dunya is fore bearing, Dunya - a resilient girl, Razumikhin is caring, Luzhin an opportunistic and I must say I have no kind words towards the remaining characters. Dialogism recognizes the multiplicity of perspectives and devices. It is also referred to as “double voice” or “multi voiced”. Each character has their own final word but it relates to and interacts with other characters. This makes dialogical works a lot more objective and realistic than their monological counterparts for example when Raskolnikov conducts endless dialogue with himself: the shrewd him alternatives with his voice of conscience, we – readers get to know how hard it is for him for even just be who he is and still retain sanity. The themes implored in crime and punishment are: criminality, justice and judgment, love, versions of reality, suffering and the home. On page 233 of this very book, there is an on-going dialogue between Razumikhin and Dunya, we readers get to know how he has taken interest and care in Raskolnikov right from university days, Dunya looks exactly like her brother Raskolnikov, in appearance, but also takes after him in intelligence. Mrs. Raskolnikov interjects this conversation by telling them how wrong they all are, about her son – Raskolnikov. From her dialogue, we the readers realize that right from a tender age of 15, Raskolnikov was very unpredictable and capable of anything, and thus we begin to see the various versions of reality here; even if Raskolnikov seemed innocent while still studying, and even helped some other desperate people, this that we now know of him tentatively leads to crime. The themes of criminality, the home, love (for his – Raskolnikov’s mother never stopped loving him) and versions of reality evolve before our very eyes. Pages 276-277 of crime and punishment contain an article pinning Raskolnikov to murder. He is being judged by Porfiry; through interrogations, which leave no steady clues at first, till later. The ever caring Razumikhin defends Raskolnikov and dismisses the idea he could have ever written such a daring article. Dialogue amongst the three of them develops the themes of criminality, versions of reality, justice and judgment and suffering. Raskolnikov himself seems to condone murder. To him it is only a matter of social class: extraordinary Vs ordinary. If one falls in the former class then they can get away with murder; for even the Napoleons shed rivers of blood of innocent mankind and yet were deemed the heroes of the time. Still on the same book, pages 56-57 contain a letter that expounds on the themes of love; Mrs. Raskolnikov signs out her letter by affirming, “Yours to the grave, Pulcheria Raskolnikov”, more still the letter is really a show of a mother’s love for her son, despite the poor conditions; the other theme is the home – which is struggling among other things with poverty, the other themes of versions of reality, and criminality also fit in here. In conclusion therefore the novel “Crime and Punishment” employs various voices that effectively articulate the themes such as alienation from society and the character traits of the characters. Bakhtin also commented on the sources of the several voices that appear in Fyodor’s writing by saying. “As an artist Dostoevsky did not create his ideas same way that philosophers and scholars create theirs. He created living images of ideas….” He also discovered the new feature in Dostoevsky’s integrated structure of language namely its strong “dialogue nature.” He asserted that it was the dialogue that formed the fundamental content of “polyphony”. References Rodenburg. P (1993). “The Need for Words Voice and the Text,” Methuen Drama, Great Britain, pg 3-4. Bakhtin Maikhail. (2000) “Problems of Dostoevsky’s poetics. Trans. R.W. Rostel. Readings on Crime and Punishment. Ed. Derek C. Maus-San Diego: Greenhaven press. Pg 72-83.

NAJJUMBA AND CO

An analysis of Timothy Wangusa’s Poem Africanology using Morphology as a linguistic structural approach Morphology is first attributed to German novelist, poet Johan Wofgang in the 19th century in the biological context. i.e. the study of the internal structure of organisms. Linguistically, Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed. It provides clues on how words should be written and pronounced. Words are composed of morphemes for instance un-kindly. Un and kindly are morphemes. So the order of the morphemes matters. Therefore a morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. In order to understand morphology, one needs to understand suffix, prefix, affix, inflection, derivation, etc. Below is a poem by Timothy Wangusa called “Africanology” and how it can be used to understand word formation, morphemes for instance bound morphemes, free morphemes root words and parts of speech e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc in relation to syntactic position in the poem. -Africanology- Consequent upon the Extraordinary Colloquim Of All-Africa Think Tank of Academic Associations Concluded this historic day in the city of Abuja Its hereby recommended and forthwith resolved That strategic organs of the Think Tank be set up, Equitably spread across the African Continent And situated on all principal university campuses To research and promote the ethos of Africanology The Amphitheatre of Anti-Governmentology in Algeria The Bureau of Bankruptciology in Burkina Faso The Centre of Senselessology in Sierra Leone The College of Corruptionology in Kenya The Ethnic-house of Extremisimology in Ethiopia The Institute of Insolventology in Eritrea The Library of Liquidationology in Libya The Mission-Mansion of Misinformationology in Malawi The Naira-nest of Nepotismology in Nigeria The Polytechinic of Povertology in Pemba The School of Sectarianology in Somaliland The Senior Seminary of Swindology in Senegal The Synagogue of Scarcitiology in Southern Sudan The Temporal Temple of Terrorismology in Togo The University of Ubiquitoniquitology in Uganda – The Zonal Zoo of Zerologicology in Zimbabwe The director of each designated research organ Shall be a pre-eminently published intellectual, Prize-winning analyst and proven ideologist Of permanent Western World Predatoriology And Perennial Third World Strangulationology When using morphology as a linguistic structural approach we must be able to identify the morphemes, what they are and the different types. A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning we have. It is the smallest piece of a word that contributes meaning to a word. From the poem there word senselessology in the eleventh line which has 3 morphemes, namely “sense” “less” and “ology.” To break a word into morphemes, one must start at the beginning of the word and see how far into the word you need to go to find a sub-part of the word that has some meaning. Once you’ve found the first morpheme, ask yourself whether there’s another meaningful sub- part of the word after that first morpheme. For instance from the poem Africanology which was meant to address African problems, “The Bureau of Bankruptciology of Burkina Faso”. The word “Bankruptciology” has three morphemes. “Bank” is independent which is a noun, “rupt” is also independent meaning derived from latin meaning break. Therefore Timothy was trying to express the grief that Africans suffer as a result of poverty. All morphemes are either free or bound. A free morpheme is one that can stand on its own – that is, it’s an entire word. From the poem Africanology the word “The” that is used to start most lines and most nouns are entire words for instance “house, temple” as used in the poem. Free morphemes may appear with other bound morphemes attached to them; crucially, though, they don’t need to have other morphemes on them. For instance in the poem Africanology, there is a line, “ the strategic organs..” the word “organ” is added on to “s” to make it plural. A bound morpheme cannot stand on its own, but rather must be attached to a free morpheme whenever you say it. From the poem we have “shall be a pre-eminently..” “ly” in this case is a is a bound morpheme which can’t be said alone. Some morphemes are roots while others are affixes. Root : The primary piece of meaning in a word, to which affixes can be added. In English, a root is often a word itself. These mostly include nouns and adjectives. Affix: A morpheme which attaches to roots (or stems), changing their meaning in regular ways. Examples re-, un-, -est, -er, ing, -s Affixes are generally either prefixes or suffixes. Prefix: An affix that goes before a root. From our poem we have “to research and promote...” research has “re” which is a prefix therefore it changes the meaning discovering and investigating the ethos of Africanology. Suffix: An affix that goes after a root. From the poem we have words like “ ...published intellectual..”. The word published has an “ed” which changes the tense meaning that publishing was done some time ago. All these participate towards the meaning of a word hence enhancing understanding of every word. The affixes discussed above are distinctive in more than one way. They act in a particular way when attached to the base. They either give grammatical information such as tenses, pronouns, adverbs, plurals and adjectives or create new words. In these ways affixes can be gropued into inflection and derivation. Infliction is the process by which affixes combine with roots to indicate basic grammatical categories such as in the poem ‘’Africanology” the author uses tense and plurality. Of All-Africa Think Tank of Academic Associations Concluded this historic day in the city of Abuja Its hereby recommended and forthwith resolved That strategic organs of the Think Tank be set up........ .......And situated on all principal university campuses As we can see various affixes have been attached to the roots of words giving them tense and plurality contributing to our comprehension of the work before us, so that we can clearly understand taht Timothy Wangusa the writer of the poem is advocating for the set up of these academic associations. Derivation on the other hand is the process by which affixes combine with roots to create new words. Shall be a pre-eminently published intellectual, By adding the affixes “pre” and “ly” on the root eminent the author is exaggerating the status of the directors with the intent of implying ridicule and sarcasm. Of permanent Western World Predatoriology And Perennial Third World Strangulationology Derivation is also used to mock the nature of the western world as well as that of the third world in the sense of the office given to the directors of each of the research organs. In the case of the western world the author adds ology to predetor, implying the predator like nature of the western world towards Africa’s raw materials and this is complimented in the descriptive derivation given to the third world of Strangulationology, in here we see author implying that the predator like nature of the western world that is strangling the third world but not literally but in terms of resources that have contributed to the third worlds under development. Compound words are different they are formed by combining two or more simple or complex words to form a new word. Like the title of the poem we have the word “African” and “ology,” African being Of All-Africa Think Tank of Academic Associations All-Africa we understand that he is satirically generalising the situation on the African continent although no all of them suffer the same third world problems. That strategic organs of the Think Tank be set up, Think tank is a western idea where The Amphitheatre of Anti-Governmentology in Algeria The author uses the combination of words Anti-Governmentology to take a jab at the lack of patriotism or internal political in some African countries even today. The Mission-Mansion of Misinformationology in Malawi anything from or pertaining to Africa and ology is a subject of study. This gives us the understanding that the poem may have to do something with the a study on the African way of life and with further reading, it is clarified and we discover the social, political and economic issues as well as the role of the western world in a satirical manner. More compound words can be identified in the poem with the presence of a hyphen. an organization that performs research and advocacy concerning various topics. Implying that western ideas always work and are full proof. The author combines mission and mansion to hint at the religious claims colonialists made before exploitations. Mission being association with a Catholic Mission and Mansion the riches exploited during colonialisms. This idea is healthily complimented with the facility associated with it of misinformationology, as the colonialists did misinform when they claimed to come and spread religion that was actually a ruse to pave way for colonialisation. The Naira-nest of Nepotismology in Nigeria Just like mission mansion alliteration is applied to add appeal as it is a poem after all and should be enjoyed as one. In a literary analysis morphology can be used to help us define the nature of a word used and in turn its intention, this meaning is derived from the active morphemes in it as well as the structural position of the word and other words in a sentence. (Oiry, M. 2009) For example in the cases of nouns and verbs The placement of these morphemes can tell us if we are talking about the action or the active tense of the verb “govern.” In the case of the poem when Timothy Wangusa talks about “The Amphitheatre of Anti Governmentology in Algeria” and we can break down the word “Governmentology” into “govern” that is a verb, “-ment” the affix that has changed the nature of the verb to a noun and the “-ology” that creates a new word through derivation. With focus on the “-ment” we see that the nature of the word is no longer a verb but he is using it as a noun. These morphemes also transcend to the determination of adverbs and adjectives as shown below. The affixes help us identify whether the word qualifies to be an adjective or adverb. From the poem the statement: Equitably spread across the African Continent We can see that Timothy Wangusa has used the affix “-ably” to describe the verb “spread” that can also be affiliate with the noun “spread” in regards to food or a buffet. But because of Noun V erb Government Governing Affix – ment Affix - ing Adjective Adverb Equitable Equitably Affix –able Affix -ably the affix the presence of an adverb is known and we understand that he is describing a verb and not a noun. The syntactic position can also help to define the nature of the words used by the author. This comes from the placement of certain words before or after the subject in the sentence. These words that are involved in the mechanics of the syntactic position can be categorised (Oiry, M. 2009) as follows: Determiners: words that are placed before or after a noun, such as the, a, my, your, his, her, its, our, their, this, that, those, some, all, every, one, two, Three. e.t.c These determiners give sense and bring about the realisation that the word is a noun. In Timothy Wangusa’s poem we see he uses the determiner “The” to make it clear that these are titles, institutions or places. The Amphitheatre of Anti-Governmentology in Algeria The Bureau of Bankruptciology in Burkina Faso The Centre of Senselessology in Sierra Leone The College of Corruptionology in Kenya Auxiliaries: these work the same as determiners but instead apply to verbs, such as be (is/am/are/were/being...), have (has/had/having...), can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must e.t.c In his poem Timothy Wangusa recommends certain actions (verbs) that should be taken by the African continent these can be identified thanks to the presence of auxiliaries. ....That strategic organs of the Think Tank be set up..... .....Shall be a pre-eminently published intellectual.... Pronouns are also included in this categorisation, they simply occupy the place of nouns in these forms: I, me, mine, we, us, ours, you, yours he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, theirs, one( person not number) e.t.c Prepositions: these put a location to the subject in a sentence. This location can be geographical or time related. E.g of, about, above, across, after, against, among, around, ago, as, at, before, behind, below, beside, between, but, by, despite, down, during, for, from, in, inside, into, off, on, out, over, past, since, than, through, to, toward, under, until, up, with, without e.t.c Prepositions are very active in Timothy Wangusa’s poem, he uses them to associate the various developmental issues Africa has with selected African countries. Reference list The Senior Seminary of Swindology in Senegal The Synagogue of Scarcitiology in Southern Sudan The Temporal Temple of Terrorismology in Togo The University of Ubiquitoniquitology in Uganda Prepositions: Locators in Time and Place. (n.d.). Retrieved November 12, 2015, from http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/prepositions.htm Oiry, M. (2009). Morphology. Linguistics 201. Retrieved October 28, 2015, from http://people.umass.edu/moiry/morphology.pdf Aronoff, M., & Fudeman, K. (2004). What is Morphology. Retrieved November 19, 2015, from http://www.ucd.ie/artspgs/introling/Aronoffmorphology.pdf

Select a Novel, a poem, a play or a short story and show how its author uses its different elements to communicate his or her message. NAMMUGGA MANISHURA, NAMUJJU RASHIDAH, NAKAYAGA SHARIFA AND KIRUMIRA MUSOKE CHARLES

Elements of a literary text are the parts or small bits of the poem that break it down for easy understanding. Author of poems, novels, plays and short stories use such elements to communicate their message and bring out the text as a whole. Below are some of the literary pieces we chose showing how authors use them to communicate their message. William Golding uses plot in “Lord of the Flies” to communicate his message. The novel’s exposition is when we are introduced to Piggy and Ralph who pick a conch at the beach that they blow to call others who could be lost at the beach. The action rises when Jack arrives and he shows his difference with Ralph. The two do not like each other hence Jack leaves the beach to the castle rock where, is the leader. At the climax Piggy is killed and the conch is crushed leaving Ralph all by himself hunted down by the other children. They fire up the entire island to kill him and resolution comes when the children are saved by the officer after seeing the fire. From this plot, the author is trying to show us how people can be destructive to nature for example the isolated island is at the end burnt down by the children. Setting is another element used by William in the text. The novel is set at the isolated island where the children find themselves at the beach where all the children meet. The beach is described with a beautiful scenery to show the good side of the island and the castle rock has a lot of rocks which is the bad side of the island. Notice that the author uses setting to bring out conflict for example Ralph is the leader at the beach where we observe order and law. Children built shelters, they eat cooked meat, they drink using a cocker. However, at the castle rock everything charges, children are violent, jack hunts down the pigs and they eat half cooked meat, its where Simon and Piggy are killed as well as the destruction of the conch. The authors uses setting to inform the reader about the leadership conflict in the society would wide. Considering the time setting, the novel was set effect of world war one where by British by this time thought that they where so modernized and Africans taken as barbaric, so then the authors aimed at exposing the savagery of British especially through the innocent children. Through characterization, the author brings us to a number of characters in the novel to communicate his message. The author creates a protagonist and an antagonist in his novel for example Ralph is the protagonist, he is a good leader, democratic and respects the rules. Ralph tries to bring law and makes sure that all the kids are safe by encouraging the building of huts. On the other side, Jack the antagonist tries to conflict with him. Jack does not want to build the shelter, he disrespects the conch, he does not approve to Ralph as their leader. He also introduces Piggy as an intelligent character and Simon who is queer amongst all the children. He is a depiction of Jesus when they kill him after he had gone to find answers to their problems. Through character and characterization, the author brings out the sative and tries to show us the ironical bit of life for example when all children join Jack to go against Ralph who was good. Things turn from good to bad for example Simon is killed as well a Piggy. Ralph is also hunted down to be killed hence the ironical bit of life and how people are so attracted to evil than to goodness. The author also employs different symbols in the novel to communicate his message for example the title “Lord of the Flies” symbolizes that evil is inherent in human life. He refers children to flies that enjoy dirt which is their lord or leader hence all the children following Jack the evil character. The conch is a symbol for communication so whoever has it is supposed to talk and the rest give him audience which drives us to the order amongst these children its destruction is a destruction of democracy. Fire is a symbol for rescue where we observe that when the island is set on fire these children are rescued. Huts are for shelter and their destruction indicates savagery, barbaric and primitivity. Therefore the author uses the above symbols for the reader to understand the central theme that evil is inherent in human nature and that man is destructive in nature. In conclusion, William Golding is able to communicate his message in “Lord of the Flies” as discussed above that man is without any restrictions or laws. Authors use plot in there texts by setting the exposition, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution. In “School for scandal”, the play starts at the introduction of Lady Sneerwell and snake who are feigning relationships between different characters for their selfish aims. This is where we get to learn about Joseph surface and Charles as brothers and the love for Lady Sneerwell towards Charles plus that for Joseph towards Maria. Action raises when Sir Oliver surface arrives to see of his nephews who he would give his fortune. He disguises himself as Mr. Premium to Charles and Stanley to Joseph where he learns that Charles is generous opposed to Joseph or hypocrite. At the climax, Peter Teazle who hated Charles thinking that he loves his wife realizes that its not true when they pull the screen in Joseph’s office and its discovered that he has been fooling them all, prompting this, Sir Oliver reveals his true identity and every confusion is cleared up by snakes confession that its Joseph and Lady Sneerwell who had started the scandal. Through this plot, the author sarcastically brings out the slander and gossip among the people from high society and how they destroy their own family and friends. Setting is also used as an element by the author to command the meaning of the text. In the school for scandal the author mainly satirises malicious gossip and hypocrisy in the fashionable society of London in the 1770s. The play was first performed in London on May 8, 1777 in Dury Lane Theatre. This helps the reader understand or get to know about the way of life of the noble people in London during the 1770’s as the author’s main aim is to communicate about his people’s way of life. Characterization is another element used by theater to communicate his message. Charles surface is extravagant whereby he borrows money to throw parties for his friends and he drinks a lot. But despite his extravagance, he is generous whereby he is willing to sell all the portraits of his family except the one of Oliver surface. He is also loving whereby he is in love with Maria, he also loves his uncle Sir Oliver surface. Joseph surface is a brother to Charles who pretends to be a honourable gentleman but in real sense he is a double dealing scoundrel. He is materialist as he pretends to be in love with Maria but in reality he loves her money. He is also greedy and selfish as he refuses to give a single cent to his relative whom Sir Oliver surface disguises himself into. He also slanders his brother because he wants Maria to break up with him. This brings out themes of betrayal, materialism, love, malice, greed. Also hypocrisy as he pretends to be a gentleman yet he is not. Lady Sneerwel is another character, she is a widow of a knight and so is attracted to Charles surface. She is malicious whereby she derives pleasure form the suffering of people, due to the wrong rumours they spread. She is heartless slanderous as all she is after is to break relationships thus bringing out the theme of malice and hypocrisy as she pretends to be good to people yet she slanders them. In conclusion, Sheridan uses setting, characterization and plot as explained above to communicate his message. SONGS OF CHICKEN Master you talked with bows Arrows and catapults once Your hands teeming with hawk blood To protect your chicken Why would talk with knives now Your hands teeming with egg shells And hot blood from your own chicken Is it to impress your visitors. By Jack Mapanje In poem “Songs of chicken” written above below are the elements used by the author to communicate his message. The speaker whereby in the first stanza use addressing the person in power since the poem is about political power. The attitude of the speaker portrays betrayal by the masters, the mood which is portrayed is a sorrowful state and the chicken are using a sad tone to communicate to their master who used to protect them and now he is the person massacring them which brings out the ideas of betrayal and hypocrisy which is communicated by the author. “Your hands steaming with hawk blood To protect your chicken why would you talk with knives now?” Language and style that is to say, the diction or choice of words used by the author help to communicate his message. He uses the past tense where the speaker addresses the person in power whereby the chicken are addressing their master in the first and closing stanza show unsatisfied they are with their master which brings out hypocrisy and betrayal as the author’s message. The past tense is shown where the speaker says; “Master you talked with bows” Language still the author uses declarative sentences where the speaker which are the chicken are addressing the one in power who is there master as they say; “Master you talked with bows Arrows and catapults with hawk blood To protect your chicken.” The author has also employed interrogative looking for answers. The speaker use interrogative sentences to show disillusionment to the master where the chicken ask their master; “Why would you talk with knives now Your hands teaming with egg shells And jot blood from your own chicken Is it to impress your visitors.” The author uses language through the speaker whereby the word “own” illustrates ownership or possessive pronouns that is to say visitors versus your own and bring about protection versus destruction as the chicken assert. And not blood from your own chicken Is to impress your visitors Setting that is to say author uses time setting whereby Jack Mapanje writes “Songs of chicken” depending on the prevailing situation in Zimbabwe where the president Banda pays a visit to the South African president breaking away from the rule and act suggested in the African National Congress which had created bounding of the remain African countries with South Africa. This brings about hypocrisy and betrayal which is communicated by the author. The author uses figures of speech, the author uses satire whereby the speaker is sarcastic and uses mockery words to address the person in power or the master whereby the chicken say to their master; “Is it to impress your visitors?” This therefore brings out the idea of aggression and oppression as communicated by the author. The author uses personification whereby the chicken are given attributes of human and they are complaining of the same things again and again which shows the struggle of power between the heads and vulnerable or ordinary people. This also brings about the ideas of aggression and oppression as the chicken address their master by saying; “Master you talked with bows Arrows and catapults once Your hands steaming with hawk blood To protect your chicken.” Why would you talk with knives now Your hand teaming with egg shells And hot blood from your own chicken Is it to impress your visitors?” In conclusion, the element in the poem above explained how the author uses them to communicate his message. That is to say, the speaker, language and style, setting and figures of speech as critically analysed above.   THINGS FALL APART-CHINUA ACHEBE Things fall apart by Chinua Achebe is an A African contemporary novel and it reveals how Europeans greatly affected the Africans, they lost their rights and culture for example they were converted to the European way of worship, We see these white men forcing the Igbo people to the English system of governance, essentially the white men are destroying the clan’s unity indeed, Things are falling apart and below are some of the elements that Achebe employs in his novel Things fall apart; Achebe uses plot which is the chronological flow of events in the novel Things fall apart, as we see different plot stages such as the anticipation stage where Okonkwo who is the big fish in his village sets out to make his own reputation and fortune, he feels a deep insecurity about being like his farther Unoka who was weak and effeminate. Having been left with no inheritance, Okonkwo is determined to stand by himself by working hard and also exploiting his talent in wrestling to present himself in the Igbo society in the best way he can. After the anticipation stage, Achebe introduces us to the dream stage where Okonkwo becomes one of the top dogs in Umuofia, he establishes himself, he builds a large compound and a productive farm, marries three wives and has eleven children in Umuofia and though his only son Nwoye acts feminine, he is woken up by the coming of Ikemefuna to Okonkwo’s homestead where Nwoye is forced to accept masculine behaviors and it is in this stage where we see Okonkwo who began poor and disadvantaged being paid off by his hard work. After this stage, we are introduced to the frustration stage where we see Okonkwo’s luck running out, then the night mare stage where Okonkwo sees his clan falling apart but can do nothing to prevent it and finally the destruction stage where we see the resigned, hopeless and totally disappointed Okonkwo who decides to commit suicide and therefore through plot, Achebe develops subject matter, setting , themes and characters in the novel hence giving it flow and more so helping him to bring out his message. Achebe also uses theme as an element to bring about his message in the novel things fall apart. He employs the theme of gender as we see him presenting most of the traditional Igbo life revolving around structured gender roles starting from the crops that men and women grow, to the characterization of crimes. He also brings out family as a theme as he presents key ideas that form the basis of an ideal family such as the mutual respect for each other, the role of children as the inheritors of the future and they are raised to continue the values of the older generation as we see Okonkwo fighting towards the traditional and the masculine bringing up of Nwoye. Achebe also employs other themes such as fear as we see many characters falling victims of fear, religion as he presents the Igbo gods as the manifestations of nature and its elements and many other themes such as, traditions and customs, man and the natural world, fate and free will, language and communication, and the themes are so central in plot, setting, character and development. Achebe also uses character and characterization to boring about his message in the novel “Things fall apart”. He brings to us Okwonkwo who we focus on in the entire novel and it is justifiable that the entire novel “Things fall apart” centres on his story, his fall into exile, his inability to prevent white men from destroying his culture, and his suicide. Achebe also presents Unoka as an antagonist, even though he is not explicit enemy to Okonkwo who is the protagonist in the traditional sense, he antagonizes his son since the memory of Unoka’s debt and shame haunts Okonkwo throughout the novel, the missionaries and the while government officials are antagonists. Achebe also employs other characters such as Obierika who is presented as foil to Okonkwo, through character and characterization, Achebe conveys his message, and this is essential in plot, setting and subject matter development. Achebe also uses setting which where and when the action of the novel takes place to convey his message. He uses Umuofia and Mbata villages of the Igbo people in Nigeria, around 1900 and this setting in Nigeria around the 19th Century during Pre and colonial time is extremely important since it gives room to Okonkwo’s life to straddle the pre- and post European colonial time, since Okonkwo experiences both periods, we the readers are exposed to the dramatic changes that occurred in the Igbo culture and society as a result of colonialism for example in here, we see different manners in which crimes of murdering a clansman are handled. Okwonkwo is exiled for seven years under Igbo laws while Anneto is hanged by a white court for similar crime. Therefore setting is so central since it is so vital in the development of themes, subject matter, plot and the characters. Achebe also uses the narrator to convey his message for he uses the third person omniscient point of view and even the most of the novel is focused on Okonkwo, the narrator provides insight into the thoughts of most characters, he some times focuses the narration on different characters such as Nwoye, Ikemefuna, Obierika and Ekefi. This multiplicity of voices allows the reader to see different characters being so central in the thematic and character development He also employs tragedy, historical fiction and literacy fiction as genre to convey his message to the readers. Achebe brings out this novel as a tragedy invaded by outsiders and falling to pieces, the novel also tells the story of Okwonkwo, a man of wealth and status who none the less has a tragic flaw, fear of being perceived as weak which leads him to make many poor life decisions and this genre is so central in the plot, setting and character development. Achebe essentially employs elements to bring about his message.   REFERENCES Lord of the Flies by William Golding School for Scandal by Richard Sheridan Brinsley Songs of Chicken by Jack Mapanje Things fall apartby Chinua Achebe http://len.m.wikipedia.org/..../

QUESTION;USING A LITERARY TEXT ON A ANY THIRD YEAR LITERATURE COURSES,IDENTIFY AND DISCUSS THE VARIOUS VIOCES THE RESPECTIVE AUTHOURS EMPLOY HOW EFFECTIVE ARE THESE VOICES IN THE ARTICULTION OF HE THEMES AND CHARACTERS OF THE RESPECTIVE TEXTS CHELANGAT CONNIE, SIMINYU DEOGRACIOUS, MWEBAZA DOROTHY AND NATUHWEREZA JOAN

There are a number of literary voices that are used in practical criticism and these include intertextuality, focalisaion, the character and these are dicussed in detail in this essay. Intertextuality is a concept that has often been associated with postmodernism which can be seen as a development of modernism that came up in the first decades of the 20th century. Intertextuality as a word was not yet in existence but explorations in this area were already being done by the likes of David Jones and T.S Eliot both modernists. Intertextuality was first popular in Paris among the intellectual circles of the left Bank in the late 1960s and later was also among the American literary theorists and language philosophers one should bear in mind that the epistemological modernists rupture of the 1920s was the occasion for production of works and reflections. Intertextuality was first used with reference to what Bakhtin calls the dialogic aspect of language which “foregrounds the class ,ideological and other conflicts divisions and hierarchies in society.”He points to the otherness of language on its internal stratification on what he calls polyphony or heretoglossia. An interplay and coexistence of several types of discourse reflecting on class or social dialects, Bakhtin maintains the view that “ the life in a word is contained in it’s transfer from one mouth to the another, from one context to another and from one social collective to another.” Umberto contends that “its not true that works are created by the the authors,works are created by works, texts are created by texts , all together they speak to each other independently of the intensions of the authors.”What has been clearly established is that no text exists on it’s own,its always connected to another text but which text specifically and how? Intertextuality dwells on the dependence on prior words, concepts, connotations, codes, conventions, unconscious practices and text. This then points us into a direction were we can say that every text is an intertext that borrows knowingly or unknowingly from the immense archive of previous culture. An issue of absorption and transformation of one text into another is possible as forwarded by Clayton and Rothstein. Intertextuality can be evidenced in a number of contemplary African fictions that cement the richness of African culture like Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, Allien woman by lawrance Ocen and Okot P’ Bitek’s song of prisoner and White teeth which is a stroy of a young man who leaves acoli land to go in search for money to pay for bride price for a girl of his dreams Cecilia Laliya. He faces many challenges like exploitation and arrest even when he is innocent,betrayal,and even theft of his property on his way back to Acoli land. In terms of charcter Ocen in Allein Woman creates a characters similar to those of Okot in White teeth.Ogang Apur in Allein Woman like Obal-lim in White teeth are characters that are considerably rich, selfish, proud, rude, conservative personalities that are the source of suffering of the other characters and do not listen to any one and in the two novellas show the hardness and difficulty of mans diseased heart. A reader can also draw similarity between Okeca-Ladwong a young man that leaves Acoli land to go get money for bride price and Opito who comes to kampala to further his studies at Makerere,both are robbed of their money while in the city away from home and affraid of cars. This points to the big disparity between the the people in rural areas and those in urban areas and the desperacy of people to survive by those that rob them. When we move to figurative language there is a similarity in Song of Prisoner and White teeth .In both the text the police officers are refered to as uniformed stones that potrays how they tend to unsensitive to other peoples feelings and cause harm to them and the irony is evident as they do this to the people they are supposed to protect. Progressing to the thematic occupations in the view of intertextuality is one can look at Okeca who on leaving Acoli land for the first time finds a place were they pay for food and sleep,he narrates how then he pays for a pool of water with a very small a piece and a lump of matooke. In Things Fall Apart we have Okwonkwo who on return from Mbata finds that things like palm wine were now being sold in markets. The two incidents bring to light the death of the African communal hospitable ways of African culture and the monetization of the African economies after the coming of the white man. In Things Fall Apart there is high regard for African culture especially in regards to payment of bride price as evidenced in Obeirika’s home during the bride price negotiations for his daughter and the number of pots of palm wine brought during the marriage ceremony. This is also clear as Okeca leaves for banana land in search for money to pay the bride price of Cecilia Laliya only to find himself in prison and later Kakira working on a sugar cane plantation like many young men were they are exploited for their labour. The issues of intermarriages is also dealt with in the novellas. Okwonkwo tells his daughters especially Ezinma that he prefers that she marries someone from Umofia after the period of living in exile has ended. Okot lays emphasis through Okeca and other men from Acoli land who return home to where the girls are so expensive and wonders if they are more sweeter.Ocen however goes further and focuses on the effecte of intermarriages of in Allein Woman through the marriage of Margret Nagawa and Opito, a marriage which parents from both sides of the two do not agree with right from the start. Polygamy as being part of African culture is also exhibited in Things Fall Apart and in White teeth through Okwonkwo who has three wivies before he is exiled from Umofia, this is the case with Corporal Okello the owner of the home where Okeca stays before going to Kakira who has two wivies that always quarrelsome and even have an disagreement on who should open for him. This also brings us to looking at another issue of the position of women in the African society in Things Fall Apart the weak are compared to women and are people who should not have a say in any matter this is seen in Okwonkwo who abuses one of the of the men in a meeting for being weak and not being able to farther children. In white teeth the women are compared to goods bought off the market stalls that are owned by men who paid bride price, have no say and are violently treated by their husbands. Intertextuality therefore looks at the interconnectedness of different text as they deal with the different literally levels of linguistics, theme, setting, character among others to which due attention should be put when dealing with ideas of literary voices and how they offer clarity of the issues of the that they deal with that tend to be part of our societies. The other source of voices is character especially in dialogues and interior monologues where the dialogue is a conversation or other form of discourse between two or more individuals whereas monologue is along, uninterrupted utterance that monopolizes a conversation these dialogues and monologues are important in the bringing out of themes and characters in white teeth by Okot. P Bitek as explained below; The dialogue between the two women going to the market helps us to know the suffering of married women through ochan’s mother who says “friend you are lucky your husband only quarrels with you. Mine! He comes drunk every night and beats me to kill. Ochan’s father is a beast not a human being” that our lot married women treated like slaves not as properly married wives. I wish I could be lucky enough to find a non to elope with: this portray Ochans father as a tough and violent man. Through the dialogue between Okeca and the woman he encounters with in the bus after reaching Okeca gets hope that he will get where to sleep that night and will not sleep on the velander where he will be surrounded by thieves and this shows that the woman is merciful for she helps Okeca to get where to sleep. More so, in the dialogue between Okeca general clerk and Ogwang portrays betrayal Ogwang betrays Okeca saying that he prayed part in Onen’s leaving of the sugar plantation. Okeca says “Ogwang Michaki was called. And that Luo son talked! He really tore me to shreds! He sang out everything without hiding anything at all as if it was me who killed his anything that is if his father was dead. As if it was me who rained his schooling. We get to know that Ogwang is merciless and a betrayer. Through Okeca monologue after realizing that he has lost his money and the bus from Kampala continues but he does not even have enough money to take him home portrays pessimism and poverty for he says he left home because he was poverty stricken and wanted money to marry Cecilia but he loses hope for he nolonger has the money to use to marry since it is stolen this portrays Okeca as a determined person for he moved from his home because of his determination to marry Cecilia. Okeca in a monologue after the uncle refuses to give him money for married Cecilia but tells him to wait for his seven old year sister so that he can get money to use to marry which portrays suffering and the uncle as a rude and inconsiderate person. Focalization is a term coined by Genette and is defined as a selection of a narrative information in relation to the experience and knowledge of the narrator. Focalization is composed of the omniscient narrative, first person narrative and second person narrative. At the beginning of the novella White Teeth, the omniscient narrator about the women who have woken up early in the morning and they go to colleen shea nuts in order to make shea butter. But these women have to go when thesun has come out so that they are not eatenby wild animals. In case they go out very early when it is still dark. This brings out the theme of insecurity in the novella white Teeth. The omniscient narrator still brings out the theme of hostility when Okeca’s father bays some goals and puts them under the care of Okeca, some other herds boys do not like Okeca and they attack him and there is a terrible fight between the two groups of herds boys and they hurt themselves. This omniscient narrative brings out the theme of hostility. Through the omniscient narrative, we get to know about Okeca’s journey to Kampala, the people he is travelling within the same bus, how he gets his ticket to Kampala. And he says one has to be strong in order to fight very hard to get the ticket to Kampala and he is travelling with some school girls, women who are eloping with some men, women going back to their husbands among others. This brings out the theme of struggling, marriage and education. Omniscient narrative also shows the theme of conflict. This is seen when Okello comes back home with another wife and the two wives of Okello beat up Okello’s ne wife. Okello tries to solve the situation by calling for a meeting so that issues can be solved. And still the omniscient narrator is able to tell who comes for the meeting and who does not come because of some reasons. Through the omniscient narrative, the theme of imprisonment. This is seen when Okeca goes to Kampala and by mistake knocks down a white man, he is arrested and even fi he tries to defend himself, he is locked up in prison and he is beaten up. This also shows how the omniscient narrative in white teeth brings up the theme of imprisonment. Using the second person narrative, the theme of marriage is brought out where on Saturday girls go to the market and boys tries to get their future wives from there. This is written as “You girl infront of the other girls, look this way” A boys says this statement to the girl leading to other girls because he wants to capture her attention and her heart and then marry him. This brings out the theme of marriage. Through the second person narrative, the theme of oppression of women is seen. This si when Ochan’s mother says that her husband beats her because of the bride price he paid for her and she says this as; “You are reminded all the time about the bride price”……….. “Don’t you realize I paid you with money I suffered to earn?’ And he says this while beating her and letting her know that he paid her bride price. The second person narrative still portrays the theme of suffering when Okeca decides to go to Kampala to work hard in order to get money to pay bride price. He feels sad to leave his mother and sister behind and cries while looking through the windows and one of the people tells him not to put his head out through the window. This is written as “You, Youngman, do not put your head out of the bus window” This brings out his pain for leaving his family behind This brings out his Through the second person narrative, the theme of starvation is potrayed in the novella “White Teeth”. This is seen when Ijeria (Okello’s wife) comes back to Kampala from Gulu and one of Okello’s wives asks her why she has come back so soon. And yet they are also starving with nothing to eat in the house. This is written as “Ijeria, why have you returned to Kampala so soon?.................... “We are also not well, we are starving.” This second person narrative portrays the theme of starvation First person narrative is used to bring out the theme of death. When Okeca goes back home after looking after his father’s goats, he finds his mother crying and people trying to conform her. He also sees her mother putting on clothes for widows. This is written as “I took a peep inside, mother was wearing a dress I had never seen before and his head was tied with same red bond.” This shows the theme of death in the Novella White Teeth. Through first person narrative, the theme of poverty is also portrayed in the novella “White Teeth”. This is seen when Okeca has no where to get money form to pay bride price. He begins to lament and he says he has no sister and father to facilitate his paying of bride price. And this is written as; “I have no sister Where shall I gather the cattle from”… And I have no father Where shall this young man find money t pay the bride price? This makes first person narration to bring out the theme of poverty. In conclusion then voices that comprise of intertextuality,chareacters focalization,authorial intrusion, all come together to in effectively communicating the message intended by the authors that include themes and character as the discussion above. REFERENCES Ayo.Kihinde.Intertextuality and the contemplary African novel;Obafemi Awolowo university Nigeria accessed on November 4th 2015 Adolphe Haberer. Intertextuality in theory and practice University of Lyon 2 accessed on November 4th

Using any literary text studied on a third years course in the literature department, identify and discuss the various voices that respective authors employ and effective are these voices the articulation of the themes and characters of the respective texts. NAKANWAGI CATHERINE

A void describes how the narrative is presented or conveyed through a specific character perspective, through another character’s retelling of the events or through letter correspondence. The narrative voice of the story comes from the story’s narrator, the person or thing, telling the story using “Emma” by Jane Austen and I am going to discuss how Jane Austen employed various voices in the articulation of the themes and characters of the Novel Emma. In “Emma”, the author Jane Austen uses the third person point of view which is called the Omniscient (all knowing). In this literary text the speaker not only presents the action and dialogue of the story, but also knows and reports how the characters are responding and thinking. There are two Omniscient narrators that is Emma Woodhouse and Mr. Knightely. Through the use of Omniscient narrator irony is created in the social system of her era using mostly Mrs. Elton although the narrator is Omniscient, we are generally restricted to Emma’s point of view and therefore, Austen presents Emma’s thoughts, feelings and judgments for example, the passage describing Emma’s feelings after spending an evening with Harriet. Emma’s vanity is gratified by Harriet’s admiration of her and of Hartfield, with the implicit acknowledgement of Emma’s superiority and Harriet’s inferiority unaware of her own egotism, Emma draws conclusion that Harriet is being impressed by her superiority is an obvious of Harriet’s sensibleness that Emma reasons from Harriet. The judgment that is manipulating Harriet and determining the course of her life would be an interesting and certainly a very kind undertaking is Emma’s, not the narrator’s. Ironically, in reproducing Emma’s thoughts, Austen reveals how self centered and arrogant Emma is being. Thematically, the omniscient narrator enables the reader to acknowledge the marriage and social status as one of the themes that are exhibited in the novel. In Austen’s time, social status was determined by a combination of family background, reputation and wealth. Marriage was one of the main ways in through which one could raise one’s social status. It is through the omniscient narrator that we get to know that Mr. Weston’s first marriage to Miss Churchill had ostensibly been a good move for him, because she comes from a wealthy and well connected family (Mr. Weston is a tradesman), but the inequality of the relationship to both. In his second marriage, Mr. Weston is happier because their social statuses are more equal since Mrs. Weston is a governess. Emma’s attempt to match Harriet with Mr. Elton is also shunned by the other characters as inappropriate. Since Harriet’s parentage is unknown, Emma believes that Harriet may have a noble blood and encourages her to reject what turns out to be a more appropriate match with Robert Martin. By the time it is revealed that Harriet is the daughter of a tradesman, Emma admits that Mr. Martin is more suitable for her friend. The omniscient narrator gives us the confined nature of women’s existence as another theme that is portrayed in the novel “Emma”. Through the Omniscient voice, the story gives us a strong sense of the confined nature of a woman’s existence in the early nineteenth century rural England. Emma possesses a great deal of intelligence and energy, but the best use she can make of these is to attempt to guide the marital destines of her friends, a thing that gets her into trouble. The alternatives pasterns depicted in the book are social visits, charity visits, music, artistic and endeavors seem relatively trivial. The novel focuses on marriage because marriage offers women a chance to exert their power, participating in the rituals of courtship and accepting or rejecting proposals is perhaps the most active role that women are permitted to play in Emma’s world. The Omniscient narrator depicts Mr. Knightley as a character with good sense from his very first conversation with Emma and her father in chapter I, his purpose is to correct the excesses and missteps of those around him is clear. He is unfailingly honest but tempers his honesty with act and kind heartedness. The narrator uses Mr. Knightly for the reader to depend on him in providing the correct evaluation of the other character’s behavior and personal worth. He is sympathetic and protective of the women in the community including Jane, Harriet and Miss Bates.   References Introduction to practical criticism notes about literary polyphone Emma by Jane Austen

Using any literary text studied on the third year literature courses identify and discuss the various voices the respective authors employ and how effective are these voices in the articulation of the themes and characters in these texts. NGABIRANO ANDREW

Literary polyphony is an approach derived from the theoretical works of Baktin.The concept/word comes from the Greek ‘’ poly’’ meaning plural and ‘’ phones’’ translated as sounds in Batkin’s sense of the word he means the use of many voices especially in the epic novel.IN the glossary provided with Baktin’s book it is written that the voice ‘’is the speaking personality, the speaking consciousness. A voice always has a will or desire behind it, its own timbre and overtimes[p.434] and therefore we can analyze a novel such as Joseph Andrews in terms of literary polyphony. The first voice the reader encounters in the novel Joseph Andrews is the narrator. The narrator is either seen through description or oral and the narrator is a true reflection of Authorial intrusion and in the novel Joseph Andrews the author introduces the life of Andrew and gives an incite about his life and he regards him as a very strongman with outstanding background as it is clear in the opening chapter ‘’A good man therefore is a standing lesson to all his acquaintances and of far greater use in that narrow circle than a good book But as it often happens that the best men are little known and consequently cannot extend the usefulness of their examples a great joy.’’ Hence through the above voice of the Author helps the reader understand the novel since he directly addresses the reader about successful men who are not known and he also puts across a message usually life of Good men is short and usually does not leave any mark behind. Therefore through the above message from the Author the reader gets enough incite about what is going to take place in the novel Joseph Andrews hence keeping the interest of the reader. However the Author is not the only one entitled to have voice since all other characters also have one and the voices of different characters are like stereotypes and are inspired by people met by the Author and this is done through focalization where there is first person and third person Henry Fielding novel Joseph Andrew introduces voices from different characters for example in chapter 5 the voice of the lady Booby is brought forth as quoted below “As young as you are replied the lady “ lam convinced you are no stranger to the passion. come Joe says tell me truly who is the happy girl whose eyes have made a conquest of you.” Through the above voice of lady Booby we are able to understand the society in which Joseph Andrews is living. This creates suspense within the novel because we do not know what Joseph will do in turn to the love lady Booby has for him and through the above voice we are able to extract the theme of love and that is the love lady Booby has for his house boy Joseph Andrews. Through the paraphrase the author gives as Joseph is answering his boss lady Booby.”Joseph returned that all the women he had ever seen were equally indifferent” shows the omniscient nature of the author who is able to enter into Andrews head and above all be there when lady Booby is making advances to his servant. Hence through the Authorial intrusion we have been able to determine the character of Joseph as independent minded and open minded and he explains to lady that he has not yet got a girlfriend hence making the novel Joseph Andrews a must read novel since it handles moral degeneration within the society. The Author effectively uses the voice of lady Booby to describe her character in chapter 5 “Oh then said the lady you are a general lover indeed you handsome fellows are like handsome women are very long and difficult in fixing but you shall never persuade me that your heart so insusceptible of affection but pray answer me this question suppose a lady should happen to like you suppose she should prefer you to all your sex and admit you to the same familiarities as you might have hoped for if you had” Through the above voice we can easily determine the character of the lady Booby as a very impatient woman an unfaithful since this takes place shortly after the death of her husband and this made her remain un settled. Henry Fielding effectively uses the voice to communicate his message to the society he did this artfully through the letter Joseph sends to Pamera in chapter seven “Do not tell anybody dear Pamera do not tell anybody but she ordered me to sit down by her bed side when she was naked in bed and she held my hand and talked exactly as a lady does to her sweetheart in a stage play which I have seen in Covent Garden.” Finally through the above voice as an example of focalization the Author uses voice to move his meaning and indicates the challenges young ones face as they are moving through the challenging life and he also indicates the naivety of Joseph to fail to understand the woman and this also builds trauma within Joseph himself. REFERENCES Richards I A Practical criticism: a study of literary judgement London Kegan Paul 1929 Peek J and Coyle, M.[1995].Practical criticism Basingstoke:Palgrave Croft S, Cross H. 2002 Literature Criticism and style: A practical Guide to advanced level English Lliterature.Oxford university press

Select a novel , play , poem or short story and show how its author uses different elements communicate his message NUWAGABA KENETH AND MPAMIRE JUSTUS

We have chosen “The school for Scandal” by Sheridan Brinsley Richard: The play falls in ageneric theory and is set in London in 1770’s and it was first performed on 8th May 1777 in London at Diury Lame Theatre. Sharidan is Satarising the Behaviour and customs of the upper classes in the fashionable society of London in the 1770’s. People have fallen victims of gossip, scandal mongering and hypocrisy. There ills are what Sheridan is uncomfortable with and thus attacks them in the school for scandal. Through witty dialogue and an intricate plot with conric situations that expose characters shortcomings. Characters generally consist of stock types such as bore, the flirt, the gossip hence satansing the malicious gossip and hypocrisy in London by that time. Many scholars appreciated the play for instance, William Hazlitt- An English artic admired the play and referred to it as, “The best eve” when he asserts that, “Everything in them tells, there is no Labour in vain.” “The school for scandal, if not the most original perhaps the most finished and faultless comedy which we have when it is acted, you have people all around you exclaiming. Surely it is impossible for everything to be clever.” Also Edmond Gosse praises the drama in it when he refers to it as” Perharps the Best existing English comedy of intrigue.” However other artics lie Appleton in his Journal criticizes the way Sheridain involves the characterization foristance he makes the characters too witty that is he makes them behave in a witty way forinstance the likes of snear well, snake, Lady Teazle, Lady Candour. Therefore this setting enables us to trace how the people in London by that time were extravagant foristance the way the Lady sneer well dressed, the construme and the whole environment that Sheridan used. Therefore through this Sheridan brings out his some of the ideas forinstance extravagancy and hypocrisy. Sharfan employs a lot of technique and elements to clearly deliver his main ideas such as ivory which is dramatic and situational Ivory. Dramatic Irony is when an audience understands what’s going on in a situation while the characters are unaware of what is happening. For instance in the text the dramatic Ivory occurs when Sir Oliver Surface returns to test the character traits of his nephews murder to get the heir and decides the disguise himself differently when testing the two brothers. Disguise is when somebody or something change the appearance so that people cannot recognize them. For stance Sir Oliver Surface disguises himself as Mr. Premium- the money lender when testing Charles who is considered to be extravagant and as poor Stanley when testing Joseph the sentimental character. This helps to bring out the true traits of the two characters that is one being humble though some how extravagant and the being a total villain in characterize. This is evidenced when Joseph fail to help Stanley Under a false guise that he has no money. This imitates the “Poor Stanley” who has been sending money to him while abroad. However, Charles in his extravagance promises to help the poor Stanley after selling the family portrait which he finally does. This finally proves him to be caring and responsible man which wins the heart of his uncle. There is also situational Ivory as a technique and an element in the play. Situational Ivory is where the meaning of amount is different because the audience knows something the For stance in the text the situational Ivory occurs when Sir Peter Teazle marries and Up country girl hoping that she will mince a good companion but ends up living miserable life with lady Teazle because she joins the scandal school. There is use of nomenclature in the play and R.B Sheridan has greatly employed it. This is whereby the character’s name directly depicts their actions deeds and behaviors. Sheridan exaggeratingly does this whereby almost many characters names explain what they are. To begin with snake is one character whose name directly tells what he does. He is one of the school for scandal who is always paid to betray others. He is for example paid to forge letters addressed to lady Teazle on behalf of Charles surface which is not true. He is the same character who is also paid at the end of the play to tell the truth of all that has been happening. Mr. Snake accepts this and betrays his longtime friend one lady sneerwell when he confesses that he has been paid for all that he used to do. Then also lady sneerwells name has also been tactfully selected by Sheridan. According to the oxford dictionary, to sneer means to raise an upper lip especially in scorn. This directly explains the actions of lady sneer well. She is the head of the school for scandal and her time is all directed to scandalous actions and rumor mongering. More , Sir Benjamin Backbite’s name ha also been skillfully selected. To backbite means to speak ill of someone especially in their absence. Backbite is also one of the members of the school for scandal and one of the senior members of rumour mongering and gossip AT Lady Sneer well’s house. In summary therefore it should be analyzed that Sheridan greatly employs this element in an effort to criticize this evil of scandal mongering that seems to have wholly engulfed the whole society of London in the 1770’s   References School for scandal by Richard Sheridan